[20] He amassed an army of about 5,0006,000 soldiers. Stanley was accused of supporting Warbeck's cause, arrested and later executed. Story's register still exists and, according to the 19th-century historian W.R.W. Based on the terms of the accord, Henry sent 6000 troops to fight (at the expense of Brittany) under the command of Lord Daubeney. For example, they could replace suspect jurors in accordance with the 1495 act preventing the corruption of juries. The insurrections fronted by the pretenders Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck emerged from wide and formidable networks of conspiracy that drew in foreign rulers and leading English magnates, and infiltrated Henry's court. Interesting look at the founder of the Tudor dynesty. Catherine's mother Isabella I of Castile had died and Catherine's sister Joanna had succeeded her; Catherine was, therefore, daughter of only one reigning monarch and so less desirable as a spouse for Henry VII's heir-apparent. Henry IV had confirmed Richard IIs legitimation (1397) of the children of this union but had specifically excluded the Beauforts from any claim to the throne (1407). Henry VII died on 21 April 1509, and the 17-year-old Henry succeeded him as king. For Henry VII, it was all about the money and stability. What old December's bareness every where! [10] A contemporary writer and Henry's biographer, Bernard Andr, also made much of Henry's Welsh descent. Famed British author Thomas Penn takes an extraordinary journey into the dark and chilling world of the first Tudor King, Henry VII. That was to prevent the King of France capturing him and letting him loose on the English as a rival. Why did the nobility accept the curtailment of the military power it had wielded in the wars of the roses and swallow the elevation of upstarts at Henry's court? He became paranoid and made the decision that if his people couldnt love him then they should fear him. His spies and informers were everywhere. Henry VIII Books livestream YouTube 18 February 2023, February 13 A queen and her lady-in-waiting are beheaded. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! [22] Thus, anyone who had fought for Richard against him would be guilty of treason and Henry could legally confiscate the lands and property of Richard III, while restoring his own. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor.[a]. He explained how Henry VII had achieved what he set out to do, he had passed on the crown successfully. Penn is not one to understate a case. Penn explained how Henry reworked recent events to suit him. He married his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon. The purpose of the agreement was to prevent France from annexing Brittany. In 1501, England had been ravaged for decades by conspiracy, coups . Doubtless the plotters were encouraged by the deaths of Henrys sons in 1500 and 1502 and of his wife in 1503. That is, suspicious, insecure and crafty but also determined, patient and fiercely proud of his Lancastrian ancestry. Martin Luther 95 thesis. Henrys throne, however, was far from secure. [citation needed], However, his principal weapon was the Court of Star Chamber. Henry gained the support of the Woodvilles, in-laws of the late Edward IV, and sailed with a small French and Scottish force, landing at Mill Bay near Dale, Pembrokeshire. When they married in 1396 they already had four children, including Henry's great-grandfather John Beaufort. The country was in a perpetual state of emergency and Henrys subjects were scared and resentful. Indeed he was born in winter, on January 28th 1457, in Pembroke Castle, in Wales and that is one of the reasons why the Welsh dragon always formed part of his insignia. Before Henry VIII, English kings were addressed as "Your Grace" or "Your Highness.". Their main aim was money. Henry was the only child of Edmund Tudor , Earl of Richmond , and Margaret Beaufort . [52] He also concluded the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Scotland (the first treaty between England and Scotland for almost two centuries), which betrothed his daughter Margaret Tudor to King James IV of Scotland. The dispute eventually paid off for Henry. This book is a nonfiction look at King Henry the VII. He likens the beginning of Henry VIIIs reign to a metaphorical spring, a second coming of sorts because Henry VIII seemed to be the opposite of his father. The first rising, that of Lord Lovell, Richard IIIs chamberlain, in 1486 was ill-prepared and unimportant, but in 1487 came the much more serious revolt of Lambert Simnel. Henry VII. The Winter King HD - YouTube [citation needed] Following the example of Edward IV, Henry VII created a Council of Wales and the Marches for his son Arthur, which was intended to govern Wales and the Marches, Cheshire and Cornwall. Henry VII comes across as a talented micromanager and financier. His spies and informers were everywhere. 'Winter King,' a Portrait of Henry VII - The New York Times [2] His father died three months before his birth. [76] He was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII (reigned 150947), who would initiate the Protestant Reformation in England. 1517. [41] Henry also increased wealth by acquiring land through the act of resumption of 1486 which had been delayed as he focused on defence of the Church, his person and his realm. Stanley placed Richards circlet on Henrys head, he was now King. I was disappointed by this it was decent but I think it was somewhat overhyped. I have to admit to being a history geek. Blair Worden's The English Civil Wars is published by Phoenix. On the debit side, he may have looked a little delicate as he suffered from poor health. It was presented by historian Thomas Penn, author of Winter King and was an excellent examination of the King who, as Penn pointed out, tend to be eclipsed by Richard III, the glamour and notoriety of Henry VIII and the charisma of Elizabeth I. [57], In 1506, Henry extorted the Treaty of Windsor from Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy. When the Lancastrian cause crashed to disaster at the Battle of Tewkesbury (May 1471), Jasper took the boy out of the country and sought refuge in the duchy of Brittany. Henry VII was born in Pembroke Castle , Wales, on January 28 th, 1457. Henry VII: Winter King, BBC Two, review - The Telegraph But now, sensitivity readers are pushing back . From 1527 Henry pursued what became known as "the King's great matter": his divorce from Catherine. [32], Next, in 1487, Yorkists led by Lincoln rebelled in support of Lambert Simnel, a boy they claimed to be Edward of Warwick (who was actually a prisoner in the Tower). With the English economy heavily invested in wool production, Henry VII became involved in the alum trade in 1486. Luther gained support for his ideas and Europe became . : (April 25, 1883. Several of Richard's key allies, such as Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, and also Lord Stanley and his brother William, crucially switched sides or left the battlefield. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. $14.97 1 Used from $14.96 3 New from $14.97. For him, it was never about glory and battle. [38], Unlike his predecessors, Henry VII came to the throne without personal experience in estate management or financial administration. Henry VII ruled - as Machiavelli, just after his reign, was to advise usurpers to do - through fear rather than love. As his mother was only 14 when he was born and soon married again, Henry was brought up by his uncle Jasper Tudor, earl of Pembroke. Through luck, guile, and ruthlessness, Henry VII, the first of the Tudor kings, emerged as rulerbut as a fugitive with a flimsy claim to England's throne, he remained a usurper and false king to many, and his hold on power was precarious. Claire is going live on YouTube on 11 February! Henry VII ruled as Machiavelli, just after his reign, was to advise usurpers to do through fear rather than love. Here was a young man who enjoyed jousting, who enjoyed chatting with the other knights in the tiltyard and with people of low degree. The 17 year-old Prince Henry became King Henry VIII and started a different era. This family took a dim view of Henry and it was John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, who instigated the first rebellion against him. [7] He came from an old, established Anglesey family that claimed descent from Cadwaladr, in legend, the last ancient British king,[8] and on occasion Henry displayed the red dragon of Cadwaladr. His second son, also called Henry, inherited the throne and became . He created the sovereign coin to spread the message that he was King. Penn then went on to talk about the heir to the throne, the young Prince Henry, who seemed very different to the King. Philip had been shipwrecked on the English coast, and while Henry's guest, was bullied into an agreement so favourable to England at the expense of the Netherlands that it was dubbed the Malus Intercursus ("evil agreement"). A man who rewrote history and rebuilt the crown, but who was paranoid, manipulative and suspicious; a dark prince with a wintery reign. This was excellent. And yet this time removed was summer's time, The teeming autumn, big with rich increase, Bearing the wanton burden of the prime, Like widow'd wombs after their lords . [25][80], Historians have always compared Henry VII with his continental contemporaries, especially Louis XI of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon. Letters to relatives have an affectionate tone not captured by official state business, as evidenced by many written to his mother Margaret. His claim to the throne was precarious and was from an illegitimate line, a family who had been banned from taking the throne, so Henry needed to make the people believe that he was their rightful King and to do that he had to start behaving like one. When he met Richard III at Bosworth Field, Henry found that his army of dissidents and mercenaries was completely outnumbered. Pembroke Castle, birthplace of Henry VII [ JKMMX ] [ CC BY-SA 3.0 ]. Present were exiles from Richards court, friends of Edward IVths queen, but King Richard was able to bribe the ageing Duke of Brittany to relinquish Henry in return for funds to fight an increasingly hostile French king, whereupon Henry Tudor flew to the French court for sanctuary. Through this, he found that his Lord Chamberlain, Sir William Stanley, was involved in the plot. When Richard III became King, Henrys strategy, planned by Margaret Beaufort, the mother whom he had not seen for years, was to declare in public, in Brittanys Rennes Cathedral, that he would marry Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth, then in sanctuary with her mother, and thus bury the enmity between Lancaster and York by making her his queen. This meant that Henry had been the rightful King in the battle and that Richard had been the usurper, and those who supported him had been traitors. Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England During his 23-year reign, Henry had only two Lord High Treasurers, and this continuity helped provide stability. What freezings have I felt, what dark days seen! I'm not giving this a star rating because I suspect it's me at fault not the book. ), Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_VII_of_England&oldid=1141813382, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2021, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2021, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles needing additional references from October 2020, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Katherine (2 February 1503 10 February 1503), This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 23:16. [55] Since alum was mined in only one area in Europe (Tolfa, Italy), it was a scarce commodity and therefore especially valuable to its land holder, the Pope. [37], For most of Henry VII's reign Edward Story was Bishop of Chichester. Still, as Penn observes, the national sense of relief in 1509 was palpable. Henry restored power and stability to the English monarchy following the civil war. More wrote that this King is loved and compared Henrys accession to the coming of a new season, a new spring following a winter of repression. Henry responded to this threat by embedding spies into households. [39] Despite this, during his reign he became a fiscally prudent monarch who restored the fortunes of an effectively bankrupt exchequer. Royal Collection Trust At the summit, even dinnerware testified to its owner's status. He stabilised the government's finances by introducing several new taxes. Henry's original head was cut out of the painting and replaced at some point after the work's creation. Old rivalries simmered, however. Henry VII: The Winter King (95) 59min 2013 PG. It was 1501. The union was both symbolic and necessary. Dydd Gyl Dewi Hapus! [17] Now supported by Francis II's prime minister, Pierre Landais, Richard III attempted to extradite Henry from Brittany, but Henry escaped to France. Rarely was a father's reign so widely disparaged and disowned on the accession of the son. Amateur historians Bertram Fields and Sir Clements Markham have claimed that he may have been involved in the murder of the Princes in the Tower, as the repeal of Titulus Regius gave the Princes a stronger claim to the throne than his own. The nobility was forced into bonds, legal agreements that they would act as the King wanted or be fined. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Overblown prose trumpeting his reign seemed to be the order of the day. When Henry VII became king, the royal exchequer was effectively bankrupt. He would learn better as the new reign unfolded. February 7 Sir Francis Bryan loses an eye and Henry VIII has a new love, An interview with historical novelist Sandra Byrd, Henry VIII and His Six Wives event open for registration. By 1500, Henry felt safer and things were looking good. [56] This trade made an expensive commodity cheaper, which raised opposition from Pope Julius II, since the Tolfa mine was a part of papal territory and had given the Pope monopoly control over alum. It took Henry, who in any case needed to marry her if the expected issue was to solve the succession problem, some six years to achieve their joint purpose. Henry VII was the founder of the Tudor dynasty and father of Henry VIII and Ive been doing a bit of digging on this lesser known Tudor. Local gentry saw the office as one of local influence and prestige and were therefore willing to serve. Though outnumbered, Henry's Lancastrian forces decisively defeated Richard's Yorkist army at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485. Elizabeth did get pregnant, but then went into premature labour. Henry needed an heir to secure his reign and fortunately an heir came quickly. [66], Henry wanted to maintain the Spanish alliance. Henry VII is also known as Henry Tudor. By subscribing you confirm that you have read and agree to the Privacy Policy [opens in new window] and the Terms & Conditions [opens in new window]. Years of instability, factionalism and his predecessors' penchant for war had seen royal finances severely battered. She was a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (fourth son of Edward III), and his third wife Katherine Swynford. After his victory at Bosworth Field, Henry married Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth of York. Henry, son of Edmund Tudor, earl of Richmond, and Margaret Beaufort, was born nearly three months after his fathers death. This battle saw the end of the Wars of the Roses which had brought instability to England. His first chance came in 1483 when his aid was sought to rally Lancastrians in support of the rebellion of Henry Stafford, duke of Buckingham, but that revolt was defeated before Henry could land in England. Even if the king outfaced his enemies in his lifetime, would they not forestall a Tudor succession? This book was way too focused on what happened, but not so much on the why or why it was important. [58], Henry's principal problem was to restore royal authority in a realm recovering from the Wars of the Roses. I thought the book was well written, even though a bit dry is spots. [14] In November 1476, Francis fell ill and his principal advisers were more amenable to negotiating with King Edward. Sophia Money-Coutts: Sensitivity readers don't want Henry VIII to be Watch Henry VII: The Winter King | Prime Video - amazon.com Henry VII shut himself away in Richmond Palace from January 1509 and at 11pm on Saturday 21st April 1509 he died. Thus, the two warring houses were joined in marriage. [citation needed], In 1502, Henry VII's life took a difficult and personal turn in which many people he was close to died in quick succession. France, Burgundy, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and the Hanseatic League all rejected the treaty, which was never in force. After his victory at Bosworth Field, Henry married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. From his victory over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth, to his secret death and the succession of his son Henry VIII, the film reveals the ruthless tactics . Henry VIII, (born June 28, 1491, Greenwich, near London, Englanddied January 28, 1547, London), king of England (1509-47) who presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation. Moneywise, King Henry the VII was frugal and careful with money. When Henry VII called his first parliament he used it as an opportunity to legitimise his reign. From his victory over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth, to his secret death and the succession of his son Henry VIII, the film reveals the ruthless tactics . I had an idea Henry VII was a force for stability; in fact he was a terrifying kleptocrat, abusing the law with arbitrary fines and imprisonment, scheming to effectively steal entire estates and wring every penny out of subjects as well as impose political control through financial means. The rebellion was defeated and Lincoln killed at the Battle of Stoke. Happy St Davids Day! Author of, Assistant Master and Professor of History, Selwyn College, University of Cambridge. However, as France was becoming more concerned with the Italian Wars, the French were happy to agree to the Treaty of Etaples. [34], When the King's agents searched the property of William Stanley (Chamberlain of the Household, with direct access to Henry VII) they found a bag of coins amounting to around 10,000 and a collar of livery with Yorkist garnishings. They were third cousins, as both were great-great-grandchildren of John of Gaunt. Accordingly, he arranged a papal dispensation from Pope Julius II for Prince Henry to marry his brother's widow Catherine, a relationship that would have otherwise precluded marriage in the Church. The Winter King is also the title of a book by Thomas Penn, and a useful read. So Henry was a valuable bargaining tool, whose fate always depended on what relations were between England and France, always tainted by the recent Hundred Years War, and how Brittany sought to ward off threats to its own independence. Claiming to be Edward, earl of Warwick, the son of Richard IIIs elder brother, George, duke of Clarence, he had the formidable support of John de la Pole, earl of Lincoln, Richard IIIs heir designate, of many Irish chieftains, and of 2,000 German mercenaries paid for by Margaret of Burgundy. Their powers and numbers steadily increased during the time of the Tudors, never more so than under Henry's reign. What did the people of England think of Henry VIII? - eNotes.com [9] He took it, as well as the standard of St. George, on his procession through London after the victory at Bosworth. According to John M. Currin, the treaty redefined Anglo-Breton relations. Corrections? Reading this, I got a much better understanding of where Henry VIII came from, and why he was destined to be the colorful ruler he became, as an antidote to his own father. The whole system was ingeniously designed to ensure the unchallenged supremacy of the king while stamping out any challenges to his authority from the nobles, merchants, and commons. He created the Tudor dynasty. A fresh look at the endlessly fascinating Tudorsthe dramatic and overlooked story of Henry VII and his founding of the Tudor Dynastyfilled with spies, plots, counterplots, and an uneasy royal succession to Henry VIII. BBC Two - Henry VII: The Winter King, Backdating Henry's reign Henry Tudor, named after his father, Henry VII, was born by Elizabeth of York June 28, 1491 in Greenwich Palace. After his death, a commission found widespread abuses in the tax collection process. BBC - History - Henry VIII: Majesty with Menace It was propaganda to spread the message that he was the rightful King. The rebellion began in Ireland, where the historically Yorkist nobility, headed by the powerful Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, proclaimed Simnel king and provided troops for his invasion of England. 1) The number of books on Henry VII can basically be counted on one hand 2) This is Penns first book. Lincoln was killed in battle and Henry was victorious. Loyalty was ensured, and the nobility was effectively neuteredand Henry became the richest monarch in Europe. [59][60][61], He was content to allow the nobles their regional influence if they were loyal to him. Sonnet XCVII - Massachusetts Institute of Technology Get help and learn more about the design. If you missed the programme then here is the YouTube video for you enjoy! Soon after his fathers burial on 10 May, Henry suddenly declared that he would indeed marry Catherine, leaving unresolved several issues concerning the papal dispensation and a missing part of the marriage portion. ), The Reign of Henry VII. He had brought the country to the brink of dynastic ambition, but not quite, so his closest advisers kept his death secret until St Georges Day, the annual meeting of the Order of the Garter. The research was thorough and it was presented well and kept me engaged. Penn went on to show Henry VIIs wax funeral effigy, which I saw on my recent trip to London, and which shows his fine-boned features and his crooked eye, but also a face bearing the signs of stress and illness. Through luck, guile and ruthlessness, Henry VII, the first of the Tudor kings, had clambered to the top of the heap--a fugitive with a flimsy claim to England's throne. It was not until 1506, when he imprisoned Suffolk in the Tower of London, that Henry could at last feel safe. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The new prince was the embodiment of the red and white rose, he was the Tudor rose incarnate. As we know, Henry VII was true to his word, married Elizabeth and they founded the Tudor dynasty between them. Elizabeth of York was Queen consort of England as spouse of King Henry VII from 1486 until her death on February 11th, 1503. An easy read? [4] Owen is said to have secretly married the widow of Henry V, Catherine of Valois. But Henry had a crucial asset: his queen and their children, the living embodiment of his hoped-for dynasty. Henry decided to keep Brittany out of French hands, signed an alliance with Spain to that end, and sent 6,000 troops to France. [citation needed] Nonetheless, by 1483 Henry was the senior male Lancastrian claimant remaining after the deaths in battle, by murder or execution of Henry VI (son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois), his son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, and the other Beaufort line of descent through Lady Margaret's uncle, Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset. Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England - Goodreads Henry VII The Winter King is also the title of a book by Thomas Penn, and a useful read. Indeed he was born in winter, on January 28th 1457, in Pembroke Castle, in Wales and that is one of the reasons why the Welsh dragon always formed part of his insignia. Shakespeare later turned to Henry's son and successor Henry VIII, whose rule brought marital sensation, renaissance spectacle and the reformation. His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard . [74] Margaret Tudor wrote letters to her father declaring her homesickness, but Henry could do nothing but mourn the loss of his family and honour the terms of the peace treaty he had agreed to with the King of Scotland. Henry started a new policy to recover Guyenne and other lost Plantagenet claims in France. Much of the ruthless machinery of control was designed to deal with ongoing challenged like pretenders and Yorkist sleepers and expats. They were unpaid, which, in comparison with modern standards, meant a smaller tax bill for law enforcement. Henry VII, also called (145785) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (14851509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty . Supported at one time or another by France, by Maximilian I of Austria, regent of the Netherlands (Holy Roman emperor from 1493), by James IV of Scotland, and by powerful men in both Ireland and England, Perkin three times invaded England before he was captured at Beaulieu in Hampshire in 1497. He had, Bacon added, much to be suspicious about, "his times" being "full of secret conspiracies and troubles". [69] The wedding never took place, and the physical description Henry sent with his ambassadors of what he desired in a new wife matched the description of his wife Elizabeth. In many ways, it highlights that Henry VIII was a feckless inheritor of the tools of Machiavellian power, but had no idea to what productive end to put them. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. Quite ambitious in nature, Thomas Penn attempts to write a portrait of Henry VII and his reign. Early life With Elizabeth's death, the possibilities for such family indulgences greatly diminished. After the Holy Roman Emperor . The expressive and evocative power of his writing, and the union of scholarship with artistry, are rare in modern historical writing. For instance, except for the first few months of the reign, the Baron Dynham and the Earl of Surrey were the only Lord High Treasurers throughout his reign. This is why he named the book the Winter King. The usurpation of Richard III (1483), however, split the Yorkist party and gave Henry his opportunity. Many influential Yorkists had been dispossessed and disappointed by the change of regime, and there had been so many reversals of fortune within living memory that the decision of Bosworth did not appear necessarily final. Henry VIII, (born June 28, 1491, Greenwich, near London, Englanddied January 28, 1547, London), king of England (1509-47) who presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation. Swynford was Gaunt's mistress for about 25 years. The rest, as we say, is history; Richard III was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth and Henry Tudor had arrived out of nowhere and avenged the death of the little princes in the tower, although there is some debate as to who was actually responsible for their murder. Edmund was created Earl of Richmond in 1452, and "formally declared legitimate by Parliament". [11] When Edward IV became King in 1461, Jasper Tudor went into exile abroad. [70] Henry VII falls among the minority of British monarchs that never had any known mistresses, and for the times, it is very unusual that he did not remarry: his son Henry was the only male heir left after the death of his wife, thus the death of Arthur created a precarious political position for the House of Tudor. [48], Henry later concluded a treaty with France at Etaples that brought money into the coffers of England, and ensured the French would not support pretenders to the English throne, such as Perkin Warbeck. Reasonably interesting overview of the reign of Henry VII of England. Thank you for subscribing. Henry was also worried by the treason of Edmund de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, the eldest surviving son of Edward IVs sister Elizabeth, who fled to the Netherlands (1499) and was supported by Maximilian.
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