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2520 Schoenberg Music Building what complaints did classical society make against baroque opera 12th June 2022 . Keyser, Dorothy. Fagioli, Franco, countertenor. Figure 4: Vaslav Nijinsky in Scheherazade, 1910 (photo courtesy Library of Congress). Thus, in addition to aesthetic pleasure, the arias of Senesino or perhaps merely seeing Gaetano Berenstadt walk on stage had the potential to kindle sexual desire in any audience member. [iii] Boys were castrated before the onset of puberty in order to preserve their fine high singing voices, a goal unfortunately not always realized. Handel, Georg Frideric. In solving the "castrato problem," the Glyndebourne chose to cast two countertenors, and a woman in drag in a production that mixes together British colonial, 1920s jazz-age, exoticized pseudo-Egyptian, and Bollywood aesthetics. The first musical theatre work that we might define as an opera today was Jacopo Peri's Dafne, composed in the late 1590s.Unfortunately little of Peri's score survives so Claudio Monteverdi's Orfeo of 1607 takes the crown as the earliest work that you are able to hear. The Concerto continued its popularity into the Classical era but there was a move away from the Baroque Concerto Grosso towards the concerto for a single solo instrument plus orchestra. Bonus' Opera also plays against the backdrop of American rule (1901-1935) after centuries of Spanish Colonization. Classical music comes into play about in 1750 and by the beginning of the 19th century classical music gave place to the Romantic era. [iv] Indeed, "homosexual" did not appear in print until 1869 in Germany in a pamphlet by the novelist Karl-Maria Kertbeny. Pianist, composer, and improviser Gabriela Montero is speaking out against corruption in Venezuela, her home country, using the most powerful way she knows how: music. McClary, Susan. Classical music may also be described as "art music" though it was not good in classical period that term also . Indeed, as I will suggest, consideration of how composition may have been understood in the seventeenth century raises problems with generally held views on stylistic history in music and, in particular, on the definition of the musical Baroque. Ethnomusicology Review | ISSN 2164-4578 | 2023 by Ethnomusicology Review. Ethnomusicology Review One of the outstanding differences between these key periods of Western Classical Music is the change in creative thinking. As the Classical period takes to hold the harpsichord gradually fades from focus as the fortepiano takes centre stage. We support the expression of controversial opinions, and welcome civil discussion about them. [iv] Nor are they particularly appropriate. Even Bach and Beethoven set the Catholic Mass in great symphonic and orchestral renderings. The baroque opera and the practice of musical performing, both have similar numerous and unpredictable ways to succeed. All styles of music feed into each other. Fort Stewart Visitor Pass, What makes you cringe? Some complained to these musical settings of the Mass sounded more like being at the opera . I would not want to give the impression that I be-lieve the Classical allusions vanish with this approach and are not appre-hended as suchnot only Classical, but Baroque, Renaissance, Romantic, and so on. In Queering the Pitch: The New Gay and Lesbian Musicology, edited by Ed. Classical (1750 - 1820) The term "Classical Music" has two meanings. The one related to pace is a fast paced one. Bach and G.F. Handel. The first was the posthumous success of Pergolesi's 1733 subversive Neapolitan comedy, La . Classical opera as a term can refer to operas that were composed during the Classical Era (1750-1820), or can more broadly encompass operas composed in a classical style. Figure 2: From 1542, the female reproductive system (at left) and the male reproductive system (right) illustrating the penis/vagina isomorphism (Laqueur 1990:86). This really helped with my report!!! In fact, the musicians of the Baroque genre were the first ones to use multiple instruments. To protect the anonymity of contributors, we've removed their names and personal information from the essays. It was also the period during which the Roman Catholic Church, as an entity distinct from other . Uncover new sources by reviewing other students' references and bibliographies, Inspire new perspectives and arguments (or counterarguments) to address in your own essay. Stephan Films. June Mendoza: brushes with the Queen, Prince Philip and Mrs T. Princess Diana was "a dear", but Mrs Thatcher was hard to pin down. - Profligacy with notes is not limited to Mozart, the Classical period, or so-called "Classical music" at all. What city was the musical center of Europe? Like most baroque operas, it has many plots, subplots, and even sub-subplots! The castrati are still fetishized, as evidenced by the recent surge of interest in Baroque repertoire in general and in the number of countertenors recording albums explicitly dealing with the castrati. This is especially true in cases where the male character must romance and/or rescue the heroine. Please listen, enjoy and use as you will. The Baroque Period (1600-1750) Composers experiment with tones with an unusual combination. Johann Sebastian Bach (31 March [O.S. 1977. The genre opera was created in the early seventeenth century in Florence, Italy. Contemporary ballet: The main cliche is the belief in Perpetrual Motion at all costs. These musical ornaments became less of a feature in the Classical period as composers strove for the purity of melodic line with balance and poise. To appreciate the nuances of contemporary stagings of baroque opera, we must begin with the history of the castrato. Even Bach and Beethoven set the Catholic Mass in great symphonic and orchestral renderings. The Minuet, often the third movement in a string quartet was the only real remaining echo of the Baroque. In contrast to the strong Caesar, countertenors Christophe Dumaux and Rachid Ben Abdeslam perform their Egyptian characters as homosexual, even effeminate. any actions the Charity Commission has taken against the charity. The Baroque era was named by 18th century aesthetes and critics who wanted to celebrate the restoration of classicism in their era and therefore maligned what they saw as excessive and vulgar in 17th century art: the excessive realism, theatrical expression, and extreme effects of light and color. Moving away from the medieval period, where every facet of life, include music was church-driven, you begin to see that the church was starting to lose some of its influence. Briefly describe it. Cleopatra's servant and confidant, Nirenus, provides comic relief. Most of the performances were involved in luxurious small settings in Western Europe (Classical Period). The orchestra we recognise today truly began in the Classical period. The concerto delle donne soon became very famous, and attracted many new compositions. Reviewed by Robert Hugill on 24 October 2021 Star rating: 4.5 () only the work's second UK staging, Fulham Opera take on Strauss and Hofmannsthal's impossible opera and make it work brilliantly. Musicologist Roger Freitas has documented the castrato Atto Melani, who had several homosexual affairs with patrons; it is likely that other castrati also had sex with men (2009:101). Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms. "[ii] I examine gender and sexuality interpretations that result from what has been called the "castrato problem." Corrine Blackmer, Patricia Smith, and Hlne Cixous speak to the power of opera in general"that seemingly forbidding and improbable realm of artifice[where a woman could], through the power of her voice, transcend her gender and, more than love, rescue her own sex" (1995:5). Consequently, the first note sung by a countertenor on the operatic stage immediately reads as some kind of queer to contemporary audiences, for surely any "normal" man would choose to sing in his chest voice. This fetish began in 1580, when Duke Alfonso d'Este formed the concerto delle donnea small ensemble of accomplished female singersto entertain his new bride in Ferrara, Italy. A comparison of the similarities and differences between baroque and classical opera. This preview is partially blurred. 2011. It is music that has been composed by musicians who are trained in the art of writing music and written down in music notation so that other musicians can play it. The Classical period moved dramatically away from this dense, intricate compositional style towards clear a melodic line and accompaniment; or homophony. . As contemporary performances signify and re-signify the original powerhouse acts of the castrati, those baroque-age celebrities are still present, and their voices might still be heard through the very fact of their absence: they are not dead, they are not even past. This period also saw the rise of . But alternatively and more interestingly, the original vocal range might be maintained by assigning the role to a male falsettist or countertenorthat is, a man who sings primarily in his falsettoor to a woman. In comparison, the bass sings too low, the woman in drag is too female, and the countertenor's voice sounds too thin and reedy. In 1933, Ben-Haim, along with other trained artists and composers, immigrated to Palestine as part of the Fifth Aliyah. 2000. The conflation of high male vocal tessitura with alternative or deviant sexuality and/or gender identity has existed since the renaissance of the countertenor voice in the 1940s with the British countertenor Alfred Deller. Masque. La dolce fiamma: Forgotten Castrato Arias. Classical (1750 - 1820) The term "Classical Music" has two meanings. Eiffel's energies farmed like his dream tower, it can stand up until today. Hansen, David, countertenor. In this dance sequence, Nirenus and hisinterestingly male and not femalebackup dancers perform a number drawing on conventional Bollywood choreography with campy and effeminate gestures. In the treatises of the seventeenth century, harmonythat is, figured bass realizationseems . Additionally, their extensive hip movements are more typically associated with women, as is the hand on the hip. Manchester, United Kingdom: Manchester University Press. A lot of arias and duets and even some entire cantatas are entirely dramatic, but very difficult to stage. In contrast, the Classical Period of music is characterized more or less by a strict, symmetrical structure in the music. Therefore, a woman's reputation would remain intact, even after an entertaining affair. Their hands form sinuous curves, at times as though as they are manipulating skirts, and they clearly have fun with the stereotype of the gay man with limp wrists. Creating the character with stereotypically gay choreographic timbres merely augments what the voice began. Portrait of the Castrato: Politics, Patronage, and Music in the Life of Atto Melani. An important and influential musician during his career, his music figured prominently in the baroque revival of the 1950s and . Baroque. Baroque music gained popularity after Renaissance, in about 1600. Jaroussky, Philippe. Trim Size: 6 x 9. Later, a series of royal patents were granted to cities outside London. Kibin, 2023. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/a-comparison-of-the-similarities-and-differences-between-baroque-and-classical-opera-4rYORs9e. Vivaldi produced numerous instrumental and vocal works during his lifetime, but he is best known for his concertos for a diverse group of instruments. Arias were used as a way to captivate the audiences' attenti. The difference, perceived through the vocal timbre or body of the contemporary actor, creates comparisons with what might have been. It was a time of exploration and adventure with the voyage of Christopher Columbus and scientific advancements. It is a remarkably short opera, with three acts lasting a mere 160 minutes, which is quite brief by Handelian opera seria terms. Also in the eighteenth century, companies of players began to travel on regular circuits between market towns. Choose from over 30 stations of classical music radio, organized by style, era and composer. Caristini: The Story of a Castrato. Indeed, as I will suggest, consideration of how composition may have been understood in the seventeenth century raises problems with generally held views on stylistic history in music and, in particular, on the definition of the musical Baroque. Figure 5: Vaslav Nijinsky as the Faun in the 1912 production of L'aprs-midi d'un faune (from http://thebestofhabibi.com/vol-18-no-3-march-2001/ballet-as-ethnic-dance/). A comparison of the similarities and differences between baroque and classical opera. The lens is Georg Frideric Handel's opera Giulio Cesare in Egitto or "Julius Caesar in Egypt." [ii] I examine gender and sexuality interpretations that result from what has been called the "castrato problem." While this and many other baroque works were written specifically for . " The sound has been described as "rough, bold [and] instrumental" (Ibid). Perhaps the most important ideological debate-for this topic, anyway-of the 19th century was the one between whether new is better than old or old is better than new. 1995. . Classical composers became ever more prescriptive in their use of musical notation. The main storyline follows Julius Caesar just after he has defeated and invaded Egypt. [vi] Therefore, the blank canvas of the castrati might easily include projections of sexual desire from audience members by virtue of their Italianness. However, in the music world, both are much adored. Individual articles are the copyright of their authors. The Classical period used piano as the main instrument to perform their composition. The hard, cold truth is that classical music in public places is often deliberately intended to make certain kinds of people feel unwelcome. It was a debate . Classical and Baroque are two types of music forms that are different in terms of their characteristics and rendering. Some of the famous classical composers are Haydn, Beethovan, Mozart and Schubert. Perilous Enlightenment: Pre-and Postmodern Discourses: Sexual, Historical. These aren't actors. Despite several interesting attempts to re-create it using computer technologynotably the BBC documentary Castrato and the film Farinelli, il Castratothe baroque castrato's vocal timbre no longer exists. Slavery ended in 1848 and gave ground to a complex http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/ggbain.19576/, http://thebestofhabibi.com/vol-18-no-3-march-2001/ballet-as-ethnic-dance/, Sound and Music of the Zero-COVID Protests in China, Hip Hop Music from the French West Indies: The Guadeloupean Clan. You are here: Home 1 / Clearway in the Community 2 / Uncategorised 3 / what complaints did classical society make against baroque opera. . They concentrated on improvisation too. However, those recruited had to have lost their genitals through "tragic accident." One of the greatest composers of Italian Baroque opera was a German who lived most of his life in LondonGeorg Frideric Handel (1685-1759). Some of the famous Baroque composers are Vivaldi, Bach, Monteverdi, Corelli and Handel. Difference Between Carnatic and Classical, Difference Between Rock Music and Classical Music. Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy [n 1] (3 February 1809 - 4 November 1847), born and widely known as Felix Mendelssohn, [n 2] was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period. CMUSE is a participant of the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program it is designed to provide an aid for the websites in earning an advertisement fee by means of advertising and linking to Amazon.com products. The Church was the only stable "government". Classical composers strove to create clarity and simplicity in their musical forms often through homophonic textures, that enabled the ear to more easily discriminate the underlying harmonic shapes. Richard Strauss' Die gyptische Helena remains something of the ugly duckling amongst the operas he wrote with Hugo von Hofmannsthal. Let us know! To learn more, read our. what complaints did classical society make against baroque opera. Biology. The Castrato and His Wife. Tougher, Shaun, ed. The piano instead of plucking the strings like the harpsichord strikes the strings with a hammer. Stereotypical masculinity and femininity are questioned, altered, and otherwise queered through the very act of answering the castrato problem. All three performers also exchange occasional flirtatious glances (0:17-0:45).[vii]. Philippe Jaroussky, countertenor. Haydn wrote sixty-eight string quartets and Mozart twenty-three. Ya gotta love live theater. What we hear in the Classical period is the rise of the virtuoso soloist that eventually lead to works like the Beethoven Piano Concertos. Required fields are marked *. The castrato as a blank canvas combined well with a period construction of "Italianness" in Great Britain. Baroque music as we can clearly hear in the music of a composer such as J. New York: Routledge. The stories were not related to real people or events . Harris, Ellen T. 2001. Rivals: Arias for Farinelli. Pavilion Opera have for over 20 years presented opera anywhere with a room, chairs and a grand piano. Farinelli, il Castrato. However, the musicians that belonged to the Baroque style composed their music in only one mood. From the families in the south of Italy, where they often had 10 or 12 children, one child would be sacrificed to the. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery, and costumes and sometimes includes dance. Through May 1 at California Theatre, 345 S. First Street, San Jose. The church exerted increasing influence. By the Baroque era (1600-1750), opera had taken Europe by storm and was a spectacular, expensive affair full of florid arias and ornate stage sets with moving parts. Terms like "homosexual" and even "bisexual" did not have a place in this model, and men who practiced sodomy "were thus no different, no more effeminate, in their basic identities" than men we would now describe as heteronormative (Freitas 2009:114). Desire and Pleasure in Seventeenth-Century Music. Handle As Orpheus: Voice and Desire in the Chamber Cantatas. For a quick comparison try the following: Bach; Brandenburg Concerto No. Incidental music was composed to be played during the action scenes in plays. While Baroque music adored harpsichord and other string instruments, the Classical music favored the piano. subject is not the compiled Classical material, but what is done to it. 14. Here, in this stratified society in miniature, the Queen of the Night - an anguished, smoking Suffragette who seems to have drifted in from a Henry James novel - rules uneasily from her top-floor suite. Your email address will not be published. With the freedom, Baroque composers became the first to establish opera form of music genre. 1st opera by an Italian *Greek drama text in opera is libretto -written by a librettist Try to keep your hours sensible - I would say not before 9am or after 7pm or 8pm in the evening, with a later start at weekends, or discuss mutually acceptable hours with your neighbours. No matter what sexual acts a woman might perform with a castrato, he was physically incapable of causing any scandalous pregnancies. It starts as a very Renaissance story in Florence in the early 1570s with a group of noblemen, scientists and artists who called themselves the Camerata. The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800. Classical music chords did not have as frequent harmonic changes as the baroque period which gave it a more graceful tone (Classical music period). Laqueur, Thomas. 2009. Check out our Privacy and Content Sharing policies for more information.). (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Copyright 2010-2018 Difference Between. I would not want to give the impression that I be-lieve the Classical allusions vanish with this approach and are not appre-hended as suchnot only Classical, but Baroque, Renaissance, Romantic, and so on. If we look at Baroque (Bach's Brandenburg concertos, for instance), Romantic (Tchaikovsky's Romeo and Juliet overture) and Neo-classical music (Prokofiev's Classical symphony) all contain far more more ornamentation and frenzied semi . Who Does April End Up With Tmnt 2012, what complaints did classical society make against baroque opera, https://www.clearwayds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/logoFinal-1.png, Copyright - 2017 - Clearway Drainage -, Aztec Clay Mask And Apple Cider Vinegar For Hair, Slow Cooked Lamb Shoulder Curry On The Bone, Paano Mapapahalagahan Ang Mga Kontribusyon Ng Sinaunang Kabihasnan. Similarities and Differences Between Baroque and Classical Opera Baroque and Classical operas, though from very different time periods, carry some similar fundamental traits. This style is most evident in keyboard and orchestral . What are the complaints with opera serial (Baroque opera) which lead to the development of comic opera? The stereotypically masculine movement quality that Connolly brings to the role is thrown into high relief when contrasted with Ptolemy's immature or somehow "gay" movement quality in the recitative preceding Caesar's aria "Va tacito e nascosto" (0:12-0:30 and 1:05-1:35). "Unveiled Voices: Sexual Difference and the Castrato." We provide you with the latest breaking news and videos straight from the music industry. S Bach is textural complexity and the dominance of polyphonic writing. In the treatises of the seventeenth century, harmonythat is, figured bass realizationseems . Classical music chords did not have as frequent harmonic changes as the baroque period which gave it a more graceful tone (Classical music period). Weekly magazine featuring the best British journalists, authors, critics and cartoonists, since 1828. Franz Schubert: he . (Specics on this later.) That article (1) diagnoses why classical music -- both old and contemporary -- has lost its cultural vitality and (2) looks at some proposals for reviving it. . The classical period (c1750-1800) Two developments ended the hegemony of serious opera (opera seria). The culture-scape is baroque opera in the years 1724 and 2005. In this one-sex model, the castrato, much like the pubescent boy, functions as a kind of middle ground. Glyndebourne Festival Opera, William Christie, conductor, David McVicar, director (OA 0950 D). Also, the music of these great composers of those times such as Beethovan and Mozart are still treasured by people. These changes played a major role in the variations of musical works and techniques in this era. . This is the approach that violinist Chlo Hanslip takes. In theory, the message of this opera could be delivered through focusing . 1st opera by an Italian *Greek drama text in opera is libretto -written by a librettist -music written by composer Opera can be serious, comic, or both Two primary types of solo songs The Suite, often consisting of up to six movements based on earlier Renaissance dances, developed into the Sonata. The power of Beethoven, from violin sonatas to epic symphonies. Faulkner, William. Juni 22, 2022 An oratorio is a large work for chorus and orchestra based on a religious theme. Philip Glass (born US, 1937) With more than 20 stage works, Glass is one of the most wide-ranging opera composers. Incidental and Entr'acte music. Baroque music used harpsichord and other string instruments. 2006. Bach, Johann Christian. The ABA or ABACA rondo style of the classical musicians is an example for that. In his aria, Ptolemy alternates stereotypically gay, feminine, or effeminate movements with hypermasculine gestures. In October 1989, after prayers for peace at St. Nicholas' Church, established in 1983 as part of the peace movement, the Monday demonstrations started as the most prominent mass protest against the East German regime. Famous Composers: Some of the famous Baroque composers are Vivaldi, Bach, Monteverdi, Corelli and Handel. While students are expected to become acquainted with all of them quickly, writing any one is no easy task. As their fame grew, their high tessitura became increasingly sought after, leading, some scholars propose, directly to the emergence of the castrati (McClary 2012:99). This. 43 Stephen Sondheim (1930-2021) Stephen Sondheim was an American composer, song writer and director specialising in musical theatre. trustees. People have come to a general agreement that Baroque music period began after the Renaissance, approximately in 1600. 19th, not 20th. They also used complex harmonies too in their compositions. To examine these audience interpretations, I wish to contrast the meanings of historical and contemporary constructions of gender and sexuality as they relate to Georg Frederick Handel's opera Giulio Cesare in Egitto. what the charity does. 1734 harpsichord by Hieronymus Albrecht Hass, Difference Between Coronavirus and Cold Symptoms, Difference Between Coronavirus and Influenza, Difference Between Coronavirus and Covid 19, Difference Between Nanocrystalline and Polycrystalline, Difference Between Kosher Salt and Sea Salt, Difference Between Orthoclase and Plagioclase, What is the Difference Between Syphilis and Chancroid, What is the Difference Between Open and Closed Mitosis, What is the Difference Between Typical and Atypical Trigeminal Neuralgia, What is the Difference Between Menactra and Menveo, What is the Difference Between Soft Skills and Technical Skills, What is the Difference Between Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Narcolepsy. The classical and baroque periods brought in the great orchestral or "Classical" Masses, by composers such as Mozart, Schubert, Scarlatti, and many others. Anna Nicole Smith is an archetype for the fallen celebrity. @media (max-width: 1171px) { .sidead300 { margin-left: -20px; } } In this paper, I chose to do a comparison on the renaissance and baroque period; to analyze the differences between the renaissance and baroque musically and socially. Baroque music lays more importance on adornment just like the art and architecture of the Baroque period. 1. Research showed that the freedom they enjoyed made them explore the field of opera. Originally, the term "baroque" was pejorative (Ibid). But within two Hip hop culture took root on the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe in the 1980s, a former French colony where a sugar plantation economy based on slave labor was established during the 18th century Atlantic slave trade. 1950. The new Classical symphony allowed for the development of a whole new symphonic sound. Musical structures and forms began to change from Baroque to Classical. The middle class had a huge impact on classical music. One. Kibin. Castrato. In En Travesti: Women, Gender Subversion, Opera, edited by Corrine E. Blackmer and Patricia Juliana Smith, 1-19. These became known as "Theatres Royal". The premiere cast featured castrati in all three roles: Senesino, Gaetano Berenstadt, and Giuseppe Bigonzi, respectively. 54. The specific meaning refers to the music from the 1750s to the early 1820s. "A Comparison of the Similarities and Differences Between Baroque and Classical Opera." It was a play based on an allegory or mythology and had songs, dances, poetry, sometimes recitatives, and instrumental pieces. 11/ The Canonization in Classical Music extends well beyond the repertoire/composers. Learn how to submit your work to the Ethnomusicology Review. Arias for Caffarelli. Egypt) and titles (e.g. the elements of Opera - Opera characters are people overwhelmed by love, lust, hatred and revenge. Early operas used dramatic text and music to express their stories, which were often based on Classical Greek and Roman mythology. It was a play based on an allegory or mythology and had songs, dances, poetry, sometimes recitatives, and instrumental pieces. Some of the earliest operasfor example, Monteverdi's 1607 Orfeofeatured castrati, and the tradition continued well into the 1700s. Connolly performs a very masculine Caesar, who swaggers around the stage with a decisive step, or who sits with feet planted firmly apart, a body full of straight lines with few curves. Of course, connecting movement with concepts or stereotypes of gender and sexuality is never easy, all the more so when one attempts to avoid oversimplification of remarkably complex cultural constructs. The addition of volume (or dynamic) markings was increasingly common in Classical music giving rise to an ever greater range of expressive possibilities in contrast to the step (loud to quiet or vice-versa), approach to dynamics that Baroque composers exploited to remarkable effect. 2013. The Classical musicians strictly followed certain rules and regulations while composing music. You can export up to 10,000 records. Shop Ross-Simons for the finest collection of fine jewelry, gifts and more since 1952. DVD. Royer's "L'Aimable," a piece from the distant era of Versailles, is like a caress, of an infinite tenderness. Somi Kim Photo: Liz Isles. His creative, magnetic strength and his determination got the better of the minority's overpowering opinions. 443 Haydn; Piano Sonata in C major; H.XVI, Vivaldi; Sinfonia for Strings in C major, RV 112 Mozart; Symphony No. Filed Under: Music Tagged With: ABACA rondo style, Baroque, baroque and classical, baroque definition, Baroque music, Baroque styles of composition, classical, classical and baroque, classical definition, Classical music, Classical styles of composition, opera music, sonata, Koshal is a graduate in Language Studies with a Master's Degree in Linguistics, yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy, thank you!!!!! There were new techniques such as playing off the string.