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You cannot download interactives. In 1330, the kingdom of Mossi invaded and conquered the city of Timbuktu. Mansa Musa was the great nephew of Sundiata Keita, who was founder . The current King, Salman bin Abdulaziz, is the 25th son of King Abdulaziz and has continued to maintain the . Musa is known for his wealth and generosity. Several of the names are spelled in a variety of ways in different manuscripts. Timbuktu was a place of trade, entertainment, and education. by UsefulCharts. It wasn't long before the new kingdom of Great Fulo was warring against Mali's remaining provinces. Mansa Mari Djata Keita II became seriously ill in 1372,[93] and power moved into the hands of his ministers until his death in 1374. World History Encyclopedia. [32] When he did not return, Musa was crowned as mansa himself, marking a transfer of the line of succession from the descendants of Sunjata to the descendants of his brother Abu Bakr. He made a pilgrimage to Mecca during the reign of Mamluk Sultan An-Nasir Muhammad (r. 12981308), but died on his voyage home. In the event of conquest, farins took control of the area until a suitable native ruler could be found. After unsuccessful attempts by Mansa Mama Maghan to conquer Bamana, the Bamana in 1670 sacked and burned the capital, and the Mali Empire rapidly disintegrated and ceased to exist, being replaced by independent chiefdoms. [39] Her jamu (clan name) Konte is shared with both Sunjata's mother Sogolon Konte and his arch-enemy Sumanguru Konte. Sandaki likely means High Counsellor or Supreme Counsellor, from san or sanon (meaning "high") and adegue (meaning counsellor). [83] He is criticized for being unfaithful to tradition, and some of the jeliw regard Musa as having wasted Mali's wealth. After the victory, King Soumaoro disappeared, and the Mandinka stormed the last of the Sosso cities. [69] The Kangaba province, free of Sonink influence, splintered into twelve kingdoms with their own maghan (meaning prince) or faama. Corrections? After the loyalty or at least the capitulation of an area was assured, it was allowed to select its own dyamani-tigui. [70] The mansa lost control of Jalo during this period. Mansa Musa, also known as Musa Keita I of Mali, was the tenth Sultan of the Mali Empire. Mansa Musa is potentially the richest person to ever live; as ruler of Mali from 1312 to 1337, he came into power after his brother, King Abu Bakr the Second, vanished on an oceanic voyage. Nobody lived in the area except the Musafa servants who worked to dig the salts and lived on dates imported from Sijilmasa and the Dar'a valley, camel meat and millet imported from the Sudan. [86] Qu was succeeded by his son Muhammad, who launched two voyages to explore the Atlantic Ocean. It may have been located close to modern Kangaba. He describes it as being north of Mali but under its domination implying some sort of vassalage for the Antasar, Yantar'ras, Medussa and Lemtuna Berber tribes. [40], Various sources cite several other cities as capitals of the Mali Empire, some in competition with the Niani hypothesis and others addressing different time periods. 4. The "Qur'an" had a great importance to Mansa Musa as it states "God loves the charitable" (Document D). The lands of Bambougou, Jalo (Fouta Djallon), and Kaabu were added into Mali by Fakoli Koroma (Nkrumah in Ghana, Kurumah in the Gambia, Colley in Casamance, Senegal),[70] Fran Kamara (Camara) and Tiramakhan Traore (Tarawelley in the Gambia),[77] respectively Among the many different ethnic groups surrounding Manden were Pulaar speaking groups in Macina, Tekrur and Fouta Djallon. He did however, maintain contacts with Morocco, sending a giraffe to King Abu Hassan. Masuta performs many of the same attacks as his original incarnation (though he yells a quote prior to using his abilities), but does not summon thrashing waters or create . [45] Those animals included 80 camels which each carried 23136kg (50300lb) of gold dust. Malink, also known as Mande, Mali, or Melle, was founded around 1200 CE, and under Mansa Musa's reign . The Mali Empire covered a larger area for a longer period of time than any other West African state before or since. [90][91] His reign is considered the golden age of Mali. [93] Sandaki Keita should not however be taken to be this person's name but a title. In the first millennium BC, early cities and towns were created by Mande peoples related to the Soninke people, along the middle Niger River in central Mali, including at Dia which began from around 900 BC, and reached its peak around 600 BC,[52] and Djenne-Djenno, which lasted from around 250 BC to 900 AD. However, the legendary oral tradition that surrounds Keita suggests that he never turned away from his native religion. She or he will best know the preferred format. [133], There was no standard currency throughout the realm, but several forms were prominent by region. Mansa Musa was immensely wealthy (whether he can be regarded as personally wealthy or wealthy because he controlled the gold mines of Mali is, of course, a . Barring any other difficulties, the dyamani-tigui would run the province by himself collecting taxes and procuring armies from the tribes under his command. A manuscript page from Timbuktu showing a table of astronomical information. It was cut into pieces and spent on goods with close to equal buying power throughout the empire. His name was Mansa Musa, and he was a devout Muslim. As a result of this the empire fell. [22], Genealogy of the mansas of the Mali Empire up to Magha II (d.c.1389), based on Levtzion's interpretation of Ibn Khaldun. The emperor himself rode on horseback and was directly preceded by 500 enslaved persons, each carrying a gold-adorned staff. Duties of the farba included reporting on the activities of the territory, collecting taxes and ensuring the native administration didn't contradict orders from Niani. Still, when Ibn Battuta arrived at Mali in July 1352, he found a thriving civilisation on par with virtually anything in the Muslim or Christian world. Ms I of Mali, Ms also spelled Musa or Mousa, also called Kankan Ms or Mansa Musa, (died 1332/37? Mali's Timbuktu was known for its schools and libraries. [22] Oral tradition, as performed by the jeliw (sg. Ibn Khaldun in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds. Mansa Musa (died 1337), king of the Mali empire in West Africa, is known mostly for his fabulous pilgrimage to Mecca and for his promotion of unity and prosperity within Mali. It had a well-organised army with an elite corps of horsemen and many foot soldiers in each battalion. [19], Much of what is known about Musa comes from Arabic sources written after his hajj, especially the writings of Al-Umari and Ibn Khaldun. Today, his net worth is estimated to have been $400 billion. World History Encyclopedia, 17 Oct 2020. Ibn Battuta had written that in Taghaza there were no trees and there is only sand and the salt mines. [79][80], Musa's reign is commonly regarded as Mali's golden age, but this perception may be the result of his reign being the best recorded by Arabic sources, rather than him necessarily being the wealthiest and most powerful mansa of Mali. As a result of steady tax revenue and stable government beginning in the last quarter of the 13th century, the Mali Empire was able to project its power throughout its own extensive domain and beyond. 6. Research/Artwork: From Nothing Team. However, it went through radical changes before reaching the legendary proportions proclaimed by its subjects. Captivation History summarizes Mansa Musa's story from his ancestors to his descendants as they reigned over the Mali Empire beginning in the 1300s. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. At the local level (village, town and city), kun-tiguis elected a dougou-tigui (village-master) from a bloodline descended from that locality's semi-mythical founder. By the time of his death in 1337, Mali had control over Taghazza, a salt-producing area in the north, which further strengthened its treasury. Upon stabbing their spears into the ground before Sundiata's throne, each of the twelve kings relinquished their kingdom to the Keita dynasty. While in Mecca, conflict broke out between a group of Malian pilgrims and a group of Turkic pilgrims in the Masjid al-Haram. [60] The anglicised version of this name, Sunjata, is also popular. Through the oral tradition of griots, the Keita dynasty, from which nearly every Mali emperor came, claims to trace its lineage back to Lawalo, one of the sons of Bilal,[60] the faithful muezzin of Islam's prophet Muhammad, who was said to have migrated into Mali and his descendants established the ruling Keita dynasty through Maghan Kon Fatta, father of Sundiata Keita.[61]. Constant civil war between leaders led to a weakened state. But the Mali Empire built by his predecessors was too strong for even his misrule and it passed intact to Musa's brother, Souleyman Keita in 1341. With trade being disrupted by wars, there was no way for the economy to continue to prosper. All of them agree that he took a very large group of people; the mansa kept a personal guard of some 500 men,[94] and he gave out so many alms and bought so many things that the value of gold in Egypt and Arabia depreciated for twelve years. Wagadou's control over Manden came to a halt after internal instability lead to its decline. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. By 1350, the empire covered approximately 478,819 square miles (1,240,140km2). While spears and bows were the mainstay of the infantry, swords and lances of local or foreign manufacture were the choice weapons of the cavalry. The Mali Empire began in and was centered around the Manding region in what is now southern Mali and northeastern Guinea. From 1389 onwards Mali gained a host of mansas of obscure origins. Swords were drawn, but before the situation escalated further, Musa persuaded his men to back down. If the mansa didn't believe the dyamani-tigui was capable or trustworthy, a farba might be installed to oversee the province or administer it outright. Mansa Musa brought the architect back to Mali to beautify some of the cities. Editing: Jack Rackam. His religious devotion contributed to the spread of Islam across West Africa. [97] Though this has been described as having "wrecked" Egypt's economy,[85] the historian Warren Schultz has argued that this was well within normal fluctuations in the value of gold in Mamluk Egypt. Musa took out large loans from money lenders in Cairo before beginning his journey home. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Extensive archaeological digs have shown that the area was an important trade and manufacturing center in the 15th century, but no firm evidence of royal residence has come to light. He also brought architects from the Middle East and across Africa to design new buildings for his cities. The date of Mahmud's death and identity of his immediate successor are not recorded, and there is a gap of 65 years before another mansa's identity is recorded. The Mali Empire reached its largest area under the Laye Keita mansas. Wali was succeeded by his brother Wati, about whom nothing is known,[82][83] and then his brother Khalifa. Musa embarked on a large building program, raising mosques and madrasas in Timbuktu and Gao. It is unknown from whom he descended; however, another emperor, Mansa Maghan Keita III, is sometimes cited as Mansa Mahmud Keita I. During Musa's 25-year-rule the Mali Empire more than tripled in size and had significant influence in several modern day countries including Mauritania, Senegal, Nigeria, Burkino Faso and Chad. The Black emperors great civility notwithstanding, the meeting between the two rulers might have ended in a serious diplomatic incident, for so absorbed was Mansa Ms in his religious observances that he was only with difficulty persuaded to pay a formal visit to the sultan. At its peak, Mali was the largest empire in West Africa, widely . [23] Numbered individuals reigned as mansa; the numbers indicate the order in which they reigned. The date of Mansa Musa's death is not certain. There is some ambiguity over the identity of the mansa responsible for the voyages. Musa Keita I (c. 1280 - c. 1337), or Mansa Musa, was the ninth Mansa of the Mali Empire, one of the most powerful West African states. They tell of his hardships as a boy before he came to the throne. The reign of Mari Djata Keita II was ruinous and left the empire in bad financial shape, but the empire itself passed intact to the dead emperor's brother. When Mansa Musa was giving gold away, he was following 2 . Before Dankaran Touman and his mother could enjoy their unimpeded power, King Soumaoro set his sights on Niani forcing Dankaran to flee to Kissidougou.[60]. Oral tradition states that he had three sons who fought over Manden's remains. [118] Mahmud sought support from several other rulers, including the governor of Kala, Bukar. He could read and write Arabic and took an interest in the scholarly city of Timbuktu, which he peaceably annexed in 1324. Intro music: "Lord of the Land" by Kevin MacLeod and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution license 4.0. The Songhai Empire had fallen to the Saadi Sultanate of Morocco eight years earlier, and Mahmud sought to take advantage of their defeat by trying to capture Jenne. Imperial Mali's horsemen also used iron helmet and mail armour for defence[146] as well as shields similar to those of the infantry. so the name Kanku Musa means "Musa, son of Kanku", although it is unclear if the genealogy implied is literal. The farba could also take power away from the native administration if required and raise an army in the area for defence or putting down rebellions.[130]. This process was essential to keep non-Manding subjects loyal to the Manding elites that ruled them. To Musa, Islam was "an entry into the cultured world of the Eastern Mediterranean". In his lifetime and beyond, he was known for his extravagant wealth and spending, funded by his kingdom's vast salt and gold mines. [125] Farin was a general term for northern commander at the time. Therefore, Arabic visitors may have assigned the "capital" label merely to whatever major city the mansa was based out of at the time of their visit. [57][58] Having run out of money, Musa and his entourage were forced to borrow money and re-sell much of what they had purchased while in Cairo before the hajj, and Musa went into debt to several merchants, such as Siraj al-Din. What made this possible was the decentralised nature of administration throughout the state. The Manding languages were spoken in the empire. The farimba operated from a garrison with an almost entirely slave force, while a farima functioned on field with virtually all freemen. The voyage is often incorrectly attributed to a Mansa Abu Bakr II, but no such mansa ever reigned. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. [51] Musa made a major point of showing off his nation's wealth. [70][141] With the help of the river clans, this army could be deployed throughout the realm on short notice. En route, he spent time in Cairo, where his lavish gift-giving is said to have noticeably affected the value of gold in Egypt and garnered the attention of the wider Muslim world. The Wolof populations of the area united into their own state known as the Jolof Empire in the 1350s. After a mere nine months of rule, Mansa Camba Keita was deposed by one of Maghan Keita I's three sons. It is known from the Tarikh al-Sudan that Mali was still a sizeable state in the 15th century. Original video by UsefulCharts. Mansa Souleyman Keita (or Suleiman) took steep measures to put Mali back into financial shape, thereby developing a reputation for miserliness. Following the death of Sundiata Keita in c. 1255, the kings of Mali were referred to by the title mansa. [26][17] Ibn Khaldun said that he "was an upright man and a great king, and tales of his justice are still told."[101]. It was this pilgrimage that awakened the world to the stupendous wealth of Mali. Several 21st century historians have firmly rejected Niani as a capital candidate based on a lack of archaeological evidence of significant trade activity, clearly described by Arab visitors, particularly during the 14th century, Mali's golden age. At its peak, Mali was the largest empire in West Africa, widely influencing the culture of the region through the spread of its language, laws and customs. In addition, Mansa Ms had a baggage train of 80 camels, each carrying 300 pounds of gold. [93], In 1477, the Yatenga emperor Nassr made yet another Mossi raid into Macina, this time conquering it and the old province of BaGhana (Wagadou).[109]. This enabled him to rule over a realm larger than even the Ghana Empire in its apex. [100], Arabic writers, such as Ibn Battuta and Abdallah ibn Asad al-Yafii, praised Musa's generosity, virtue, and intelligence. The final incarnation of the Gbara, according to the surviving traditions of northern Guinea, held 32 positions occupied by 28 clans. [40] In fact, there is a conspicuous absence of archaeological samples of any kind from Niani dated to the late 13th through early 15th centuries, suggesting that Niani may have been uninhabited during the heyday of the Mali Empire. Ms I is widely considered the wealthiest man in history. The child of this marriage received the first name of his mother (Sogolon) and the surname of his father (Djata). They also used flaming arrows for siege warfare. By the 6th century AD, the lucrative trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt and slaves had begun, facilitating the rise of West Africa's great empires. Three bowmen supporting one spearman was the ratio in Kaabu and the Gambia by the mid-16th century. It is implausible that Abu Bakr was Musa's father, due to the amount of time between Sunjata's reign and Musa's. [86] As Fajigi, Musa is sometimes conflated with a figure in oral tradition named Fakoli, who is best known as Sunjata's top general. Dates: 4001591 C. E.", "Is Mansa Musa the richest man who ever lived? [14], Medieval sources are divided over whether Mali is the name of a town or a region. [69] The university became a center of learning and culture, drawing Muslim scholars from around Africa and the Middle East to Timbuktu. While Mansa Musa's grandfather, Abu-Bakr, was a nephew of Sundiata Keita, the founder of the Malian Empire, neither he nor his descendants had a strong claim to the throne. Still, by the time of Mansa Musa Keita II's death in 1387, Mali was financially solvent and in control of all of its previous conquests short of Gao and Dyolof. Mansa Ms left a realm notable for its extent and richeshe built the Great Mosque at Timbuktubut he is best remembered in the Middle East and Europe for the splendour of his pilgrimage to Mecca (1324). We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. [70] Little is known of him except that he only reigned two years. In 1307, Mansa Musa came to the throne after a series of civil wars and ruled for thirty years. Stories of his fabulous wealth even reached Europe. He intended to abdicate the throne and return to Mecca but died before he was able to do so. Konkodougou Kamissa Keita, named for the province he once governed,[70] was crowned as Mansa Mari Djata Keita II in 1360.