photographed items of interest, and collected lunar samples. Two significant command and service module problems - one en route to the moon and one in lunar orbit - contributed to a delay in landing and a subsequent early termination of the mission by one day. This may have McDivitt believed that, with preparation going on in facilities across the U.S., meetings that needed a member of the flight crew would be missed. extravehicular activity lasted 5 hours 40 minutes 3 seconds. It was too far up the slope of Hadley Delta mountain. [104] After completing more tasks at the ALSEP, they returned to the LM to close out the moonwalk. [65] NASA intended to calibrate the Apollo 16 PSE by crashing the LM's ascent stage near it after the astronauts were done with it, an object of known mass and velocity impacting at a known location. After ALSEP deployment, they collected samples in the vicinity. vector magnetic fields, and subsatellite velocity from which lunar gravitational The first Apollo 15 EVA took astronauts David Scott and James Irving southward along the edge of Hadley Rille and to the base of Mt. activated because the LM steerable antenna, used for initial lunar surface [80][125], During the return to Earth, Mattingly performed an 83-minute EVA to retrieve film cassettes from the cameras in the SIM bay, with assistance from Duke who remained at the command module's hatch. communicators (CAPCOMs) for the mission were Major Donald Herod Peterson (USAF), The EVA lasted approximately 6 hours, 33 minutes, ending at 3:46 p.m. After descending to an altitude of about 13,000ft (4,000m), Young was able to view the landing site in its entirety. capability of the S-band omni-directional antenna system to support the It orbited the Moon for about a year. Image from The primary objectives were: to perform selenological inspection, survey, and sampling of materials and surface [118], His work was hampered by various malfunctions: when the Panoramic Camera was turned on, it appeared to take so much power from one of the CSM's electrical systems, that it initiated the spacecraft Master Alarm. NASA managers vetoed a repair attempt due to the amount of time it would take. the CSM was separated from the S-IVB stage, transposed, and docked at At 038:18:56, measures were taken and equipment changes and additions were made to control After passing Palmetto crater, boulders gradually became larger and more abundant as they approached North Ray in the lunar rover. hospitalized, but examination revealed no symptoms of inhalation. window extended to 21:43:00 GMT to take advantage of a sun elevation angle on The Apollo 11 landing site. terrain, there was no response from the rear wheels when full throttle was television press conference started at 243:35 and lasted for 18 minutes. Bypassing station seven to save time, they arrived at Station 8 on the lower flank of Stone Mountain, where they sampled material on a ray from South Ray crater for about an hour. In order to improve Young's and Duke's sleep schedule, the third and final moonwalk of the mission was trimmed from seven hours to five. deorbit, it was not possible to activate the subsatellite until 20 hours after jettisoned at 195:00:12 at an altitude of 59.2 n mi. Colonel Robert Franklyn Overmyer (USMC). [44] Some scientists advocated for a landing near the large crater, Tycho, but its distance from the lunar equator and the fact that the lunar module would have to approach over very rough terrain ruled it out. and entered into the computer. Apollo 15 lunar surface operations were conducted from July 30 to August 2, . Using two different sizes of polystyrene particles, one size colored red and one blue, separation of the two types via electrophoresis was achieved, though electro-osmosis in the experiment equipment prevented the clear separation of two particle bands. They concluded that there are few if any volcanic mountains on the Moon. After undocking at the Moon, the LM ascent stage The crew entered [82] At an altitude of 20,635 kilometers (11,142nmi) the scientific instrument module (SIM) bay cover was jettisoned. There, at a distance of 1.4km (0.87mi) from the LM, they sampled material in the vicinity, which scientists believed had penetrated through the upper regolith layer to the underlying Cayley Formation. Then, on May 19-21, 1971, Dave, Jim, Dick Gordon, Jack Schmitt and USGS cratering expert David Roddy made a visit to NTS to get more field experience.] After two orbits, the rocket's third stage reignited for just over five minutes, propelling the craft towards the Moon at about 35,000km/h (22,000mph). about 20 minutes because the crews consumables usage was lower than predicted. With the assistance of orbital photography obtained on the Apollo 14 mission, the Descartes site was determined to be safe enough for a crewed landing. subsatellite was instrumented to measure plasma and energetic-particle fluxes, On July 23, 1970, all six members of the Apollo 15 prime and backup crews observed a cratering shot done with 500 tons of conventional explosives near Medicine Hat, Alberta. Apollo 16, with Commander John Young, Command Module Pilot Thomas "Ken" Mattingly, and Lunar Module Pilot Charles Duke, was launched on April 16, 1972, and successfully completed the fifth human landing on the Moon. ascent stage engine for lunar liftoff occurred at 01:25:47 GMT on 24 April (at [77] The only holds in the countdown were the ones pre-planned in the schedule, and the weather was fair as the time for launch approached.[2]. The crew then returned by way of the experiment station to the grass-like particles at the base of the panel. The specific landing site was between two young impact craters, North Ray and South Ray craters 1,000 and 680m (3,280 and 2,230ft) in diameter, respectively which provided "natural drill holes" which penetrated through the lunar regolith at the site, thus leaving exposed bedrock that could be sampled by the crew. operating nominally. The vehicle continued to move, but the front wheels were digging into of cardiac arrhythmias on this mission was, in part, attributed to a better usable and safe; therefore, the vehicles were separated again and the mission Following . 15 to 18 db drop in signal strength. The drive was smoother than that of the previous day, as the craters were shallower and boulders were less abundant north of the immediate landing site. After jettison, the LM lost [31][32], For projects Mercury and Gemini, a prime and a backup crew had been designated, but for Apollo, a third group of astronauts, known as the support crew, was also designated. Its principal objective was to measure charged particles and magnetic fields all around the Moon as the Moon orbited Earth, similar to its sister spacecraft, PFS-1, released eight months earlier by Apollo 15. The mission was crewed by Commander John Young, Lunar Module Pilot Charles Duke and Command Module Pilot Ken Mattingly. [6], The insignia of Apollo 16 is dominated by a rendering of an American eagle and a red, white and blue shield, representing the people of the United States, over a gray background representing the lunar surface. which covered the Mylar insulation over reaction control system A. problems occurred during EVA-1. vehicle drive time was 3 hours 26 minutes, the vehicle was parked during The following conclusions were made from an analysis of During this time Mattingly orbited the Moon in the command and service module (CSM), taking photos and operating scientific instruments. Scientists had hoped to supplement the lunar data gained with more on the trans-earth coast, but Apollo 15 data could be used instead. south and longitude 156.22 west. The S-IVB engine shut down at His backup for the kg) of samples were collected. 009:06. The Apollo 14 landing site can be found close to one of the most impressive and most photographed 'crater chains' on the moon's surface. and soil continued to cause problems with some equipment, although procedural The Apollo 15 Lunar Module . "[27] The pair's first task of the moonwalk was to offload the Lunar Roving Vehicle, the Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph,[98] and other equipment. mission was terminated one day earlier than planned. Although they permitted the lunar landing, NASA had the astronauts return from the mission one day earlier than planned. Apollo 16's CDR John Young, from the 1972 Technical Debrief: - I got the feeling from looking at Stubby that it was there (meaning it was formed) after Descartes was because of the way the slope was off the mountain around Stubby. oxidizer being detanked had been too low because of the extra oxidizer retained When the crew reset the power switches, the navigation system began After several hours of analysis, mission controllers determined that the malfunction could be worked around, and Young and Duke could proceed with the landing. The been due to a guidance circuit breaker inadvertently being left open. [42] The launch was nominal; the crew experienced vibration similar to that on previous missions. The astronauts underwent their final preflight physical examination on April 11. This may have The Apollo 16 [50][51][52] The backup LMP, Mitchell, was unavailable during the early part of the training, occupied with tasks relating to Apollo 14, but by September 1971 had joined the geology field trips. November 27, 2020. could be used to study the nature of the lunar interior structure. Lunar module Later analysis indicated that the ascent stage struck the lunar surface before He took two medals, leaving one on the Moon and donating the other to the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio. This was the eleventh Saturn V to be flown and the ninth used on crewed missions. [62] Apollo 16's ALSEP consisted of a Passive Seismic Experiment (PSE, a seismometer), an Active Seismic Experiment (ASE), a Lunar Heat Flow Experiment (HFE), and a Lunar Surface Magnetometer (LSM). During lunar surface operations, Commander Young always drove the rover, while Lunar Module Pilot Duke assisted with navigation; this was a division of responsibilities used consistently throughout Apollo's J missions. Born 24 September 1930 in San Francisco, California, Young was 41 years The parachute At its maximum, the temperature of the heat shield was between 2,200 and 2,480C (4,000 and 4,500F). or subdued-buried . accidentally tripped over the electronics cable, breaking it, and rendering the Although around Earth. lower-than-desired orbit contributed to the short orbital life because the lunar Following this, the crew donned their space suits and rehearsed procedures that would be used on landing day. They marveled at the view (including South Ray) from the side of Stone Mountain, which Duke described as "spectacular",[107] then gathered samples in the vicinity. Apollo 8 (December 21-27, 1968) was the first crewed spacecraft to leave low Earth orbit and the first human spaceflight to reach the Moon.The crew orbited the Moon ten times without landing, and then departed safely back to Earth. successful. 58.1 n mi. The first of two [119][123], Eight minutes before the planned departure from the lunar surface, CAPCOM James Irwin notified Young and Duke from Mission Control that they were go for liftoff. station 8, a rear-drive troubleshooting procedure was implemented. A program was uplinked to the crew There was less certainty regarding the Descartes Formation, as it was not clear which if any of the rocks came from there. Likewise, Apollo 15 had also sampled material in the region of Imbrium, visiting the basin's edge. change maneuver was made at 169:05:52.14 and adjusted the orbit to 64.6 by 55.0 [6] Flight directors during Apollo had a one-sentence job description: "The flight director may take any actions necessary for crew safety and mission success. [48], At Alphonsus, three scientific objectives were determined to be of primary interest and paramount importance: the possibility of old, pre-Imbrium impact material from within the crater's wall, the composition of the crater's interior and the possibility of past volcanic activity on the floor of the crater at several smaller "dark halo" craters. analysis. With Apollo 16, he became the second American, after Jim Lovell, to fly in space four times. barometric pressure was 14.769 lb/in, The maximum wind The winds, as measured by the anemometer delayed in order to provide the crew with a well-deserved sleep period. the second Type J mission, an extensive scientific investigation of the Moon The translunar coast had lasted 71 hours 55 minutes 14.35 seconds. arrived at station 10 (LM and ALSEP area), the surface activity was extended On the surface, Young and Duke collected 95.8 kilograms (211lb) of lunar samples for return to Earth, including Big Muley, the largest Moon rock collected during the Apollo missions. The changes to the flight plan meant that some areas of the lunar surface that were supposed to be photographed could not be; also, a number of images were overexposed. "[40], Apollo 16 was the second of Apollo's J missions, featuring the use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle, increased scientific capability, and three-day lunar surface stays. [91][92], For the rest of the two crafts' passes over the near side of the Moon, Mattingly prepared to shift Casper to a higher, near-circular orbit, while Young and Duke prepared Orion for the descent to the lunar surface. [119] Its work was also hampered by the delay in the beginning of Casper's orbital scientific work and the early return to Earth, and by a malfunction resulting in the overexposure of many of the photographs. study of the behavior and effects of particles emanating from the spacecraft, injection was achieved at 200:24:15.36 at a velocity of 8,663.0 ft/sec after 64 lunar orbit circularization maneuver. After further preparing the craft for the voyage, the crew began the first sleep period of the mission just under 15 hours after launch. They collected samples to the northeast of the crater, at Geology Station 2 of the mission. one hour. lunar orbits lasting 125 hours 49 minutes 32.59 seconds. coarse align mode and set the appropriate alarms. could be accomplished. This was a suite of nuclear-powered experiments designed to keep functioning after the astronauts who set them up returned to Earth. [48], After the selection, mission planners made the Descartes and Cayley formations, two geologic units of the lunar highlands, the primary sampling interest of the mission. The panels would be bagged for return to Earth. [113] After pressurizing the LM cabin, the crew began preparing to return to lunar orbit. [37] The insignia was designed from ideas originally submitted by the crew of the mission,[38] by Barbara Matelski of the graphics shop at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston. He [81], By the time Mission Control issued the wake-up call to the crew for flight day two, the spacecraft was about 181,000 kilometers (98,000nmi) away from the Earth, traveling at about 1,622m/s (5,322ft/s). the command module pilot began a transearth coast EVA. At 218:39:46, [33] Usually low in seniority, they assembled the mission's rules, flight plan, and checklists, and kept them updated. This is his t. This was thought to be caused by the penetration of the eye by cosmic ray particles. a 24.35-second service propulsion system maneuver was performed to reach the southeast to the second sampling area, Shadow Rock. Subsequently, Roosa and Mitchell were assigned to the backup crew, while Pogue and Carr were reassigned to the Skylab program where they flew on Skylab 4. [44] Scientist Dan Milton, studying photographs of the highlands from Lunar Orbiter photographs, saw an area in the Descartes region of the Moon with unusually high albedo that he theorized might be due to volcanic rock; his theory quickly gained wide support. traverse was north to the experiments station and the LM. in Hawaii at 03:30 GMT on 30 April. They then reentered the LM after a 5-hour and 40-minute final excursion. [136][137], The Apollo 16 command module Casper is on display at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama,[138] following a transfer of ownership from NASA to the Smithsonian in November 1973. The other item was a commemorative medal issued by the United States Air Force, which was celebrating its 25th anniversary in 1972. [112], Flight day seven was their third and final day on the lunar surface, returning to orbit to rejoin Mattingly in the CSM following the day's moonwalk. [86][87] During the second half of the day, Young and Duke again entered the lunar module to power it up and check its systems, and perform housekeeping tasks in preparation for the lunar landing. Island Naval Air Station, San Diego, for deactivation, where it arrived at 00:00 During the third and final lunar excursion, they were to explore North Ray crater, the largest of any of the craters any Apollo expedition had visited. There, they hoped to find Descartes material that had not been contaminated by ejecta from South Ray Crater, a large crater south of the landing site. systems status, the crew entered the LM at 008:17 and powered up. After preparing The impact Craters on the north slope of Stone Mountain. The vehicles and payload were similar to those of Apollo 15. a 54.2-second propulsive force from the S-IVB auxiliary propulsion system [80], After waking up on April 21, Young and Duke ate breakfast and began preparations for the first extravehicular activity (EVA), or moonwalk. Major Charles Gordon Fullerton (USAF), Colonel James Benson Irwin (USAF), Haise, mission was Fred Wallace Haise, Jr. Mattingly, who It was decided that Young and Duke would visually inspect the boom after undocking the LM from the CSM. At Station 9, an area known as the "Vacant Lot",[110] which was believed to be free of ejecta from South Ray, they spent about 40 minutes gathering samples. Loss of the [72], A Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph (UVC) was flown, the first astronomical observations taken from the Moon, seeking data on hydrogen sources in space without the masking effect of the Earth's corona. Upon completing their initial procedures, the pair configured Orion for their three-day stay on the lunar surface, removed their space suits and took initial geological observations of the immediate landing site. call-sign Orion.. Television coverage of surface activity was delayed until the LRV systems were The first shows the area north of the LM up to North Ray Crater. It was immediately shut off, though later analysis indicated that the drain might have been from the spacecraft's heaters, which came on at the same time. post-mission data: [1] international designation for the CSM upon achieving orbit was 1972-031A and the the command module computer received an indication that an inertial measurement In order to point the high gain antenna, panel 51 was rotated out of sunlight "[74], Four panels mounted on the LM's descent stage comprised the Cosmic Ray Detector, designed to record cosmic ray and solar wind particles. The only This brought the total approximately one year.[1]. [53][57], In addition to the field geology training, Young and Duke also trained to use their EVA space suits, adapt to the reduced lunar gravity, collect samples, and drive the Lunar Roving Vehicle. [101] Young drove the rover to a point about 90m (300ft) east of the LM, known as the 'VIP site,' so its television camera, controlled remotely by Mission Control, could observe Apollo 16's liftoff from the Moon. The winds at 530 feet above the launch site measured The first mission to land mankind on the Moon was Apollo 11, touching down in the Sea of Tranquility. maneuver at 176:26:05. television picture, the source of the particles appeared to be a growth of LM activation Later in the day, the astronauts entered the lunar module for the second time to further inspect the landing craft's systems. Apollo Rocket Impact Site Finally Found", "Durham teen discovers piece of space history, lands VIP seat at final launch", Interview with the Apollo 16 Astronauts (28 June 1972), Commercial Orbital Transportation Services, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo_16&oldid=1132694242, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from NASA, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Missions are ordered by launch date. They then drove extravehicular activity lasted 7 hours 23 minutes 9 seconds. Collections curated at the NASA Astromaterials Acquisitions and Curation Department include Antarctic Meteorites, Moon Rocks from the Apollo . Following a nominal rendezvous sequence, the ascent stage The maneuver, performed by Mattingly and known as transposition, docking, and extraction, went smoothly.[79][80]. There was Pluton and Icarus and Chain and Sideintriguing craters in an area known as the "North Complex"and on the lower slopes of Mount Hadley Delta was the vast pit of St. George Crater. [129][130], When the wake-up call was issued to the crew for their final day in space by CAPCOM England, the CSM was about 45,000 nautical miles (83,000km) from Earth, traveling just over 2,700m/s (9,000ft/s). Highland plains. In addition to numerous housekeeping tasks, the astronauts prepared the spacecraft for its atmospheric reentry the next day. flash phenomena experiment started at 049:10. Muehlberger. The vehicles and payload were prior to the mission was demonstrated. [80][131], Scientific analysis of the rocks brought back to Earth confirmed that the Cayley Formation was not volcanic in nature. Forty-six persons suspected of inhaling toxic fumes were 1981) notes that the Apollo 16 core stems went easily into the soil, and that the LM area where the deep drill core was also taken was only loosely compacted. LM ascent stage, After reaching orbit, the crew spent time adapting to the zero-gravity environment and preparing the spacecraft for trans-lunar injection (TLI), the burn of the third-stage rocket that would propel them to the Moon. Apollo 16 was originally scheduled to launch on March 17, 1972. It was there that Duke retrieved, at the request of Mission Control, the largest rock returned by an Apollo mission, a breccia nicknamed Big Muley after mission geology principal investigator William R. Previous Apollo expeditions, including Apollo 14 and Apollo 15, had obtained samples of pre-mare lunar material, likely thrown from the highlands by meteorite impacts. caused loss of S-IVB telemetry and prevented determination of a precise impact [42], The official mission countdown began on Monday, April 10, 1972, at 8:30am, six days before the launch. Scheduled applied. pilot of Gemini 10, and command module pilot of Apollo 10, the first test of the Command Module Pilot Mattingly reported "gimbal lock", meaning that the system to keep track of the craft's attitude was no longer accurate. 15.50019 east, 668 feet north and 197 feet west of the planned landing site. anomalies could be determined. [73] The instrument was placed in the LM's shadow and pointed at nebulae, other astronomical objects, the Earth itself, and any suspected volcanic vents seen on the lunar surface. retrieved by helicopter and was aboard the recovery ship 37 minutes after To determine The planned launch As Young later commented, the non-volcanic training proved more useful, given that Descartes did not prove to be volcanic. Pilot began a transearth coast EVA the ninth used on crewed missions breaking it, and lunar! Lunar data gained with more on the trans-earth coast, but examination revealed no of! Station 8, a rear-drive troubleshooting procedure was implemented coast EVA after Jim,! This is His t. this was the eleventh Saturn V to be by. An extensive scientific investigation of the crater, at Geology station 2 of the experiment station to the station! Deorbit, it was too far up the slope of Stone mountain north and 197 west. 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