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Lewis theory (Gilbert Newton Lewis, 1875-1946) focuses on the valence electrons, since the outermost electrons are the ones that are highest in energy and farthest from the nucleus, and are therefore the ones that are most exposed to other atoms when bonds form. Predict the products of the following nuclear reactions. Covalent Bonds | Pathways to Chemistry These worksheets have students explore the nature of atoms and their structure. Step 4: Try to satisfy the octets of the atoms by distributing the remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. When the Lewis structure of an ion is written, the entire structure is placed in brackets, and the charge is written as a superscript on the upper right, outside of the brackets. The O atom still does not have an octet of electrons. Charge it all up. endobj We also use Lewis symbols to indicate the formation of covalent bonds, which are shown in Lewis structures, drawings that describe the bonding in molecules and polyatomic ions. For example, oxygen has two atoms so its atomic number is 2. %PDF-1.5 Valence electrons play a fundamental role in chemical bonding. Lewis Structures: Dot Symbols, How to Draw, Significance - Embibe A step-by-step explanation of how to draw the O2- Lewis Dot Structure.For the O 2- structure use the periodic table to find the total number of valence elect. These worksheets apply the understanding of parts of the atom to understanding aspects of basic chemistry. endobj Use lewis structures to show how electron pairs move and bonds form and break in this reaction, and identify the lewis acid. Chapter 14 Ionic Bonds Worksheet - 8. Silver chloride is almost completely insoluble (AgCl) Formal charges are an important book-keeping device that we use in Lewis structures. %PDF-1.6 % Draw a skeleton structure of the molecule or ion, arranging the atoms around a central atom. PDF Lewis Dot Diagram Worksheet Worksheet - Lewis Dot Arkansas State University Department of Chemistry and Physics Worksheets Lewis Dot Structures For each of the following, draw the Lewis Dot Structure, give the electron arrangement (E.A.) NO 3 - d. CO 3 2- 4. Label all the parts and tell us what we know about this particular atom based on the sub-atomic particle arrangement. For example, NH3 reacts with BF3 because the lone pair on nitrogen can be shared with the boron atom: Elements in the second period of the periodic table (n = 2) can accommodate only eight electrons in their valence shell orbitals because they have only four valence orbitals (one 2s and three 2p orbitals). Rb Ar, POGIL - 2005 4/ Kroto sought to use a machine developed by Richard Smalley's team at Rice University to learn more about these structures. Share this: Posted in worksheets Tagged answer, lewis, worksheet Previous post 10++ Self Acceptance Worksheet Next post 20++ Visual Tracking Worksheets Indium 114 g/mole Carbon: 12 g/mole The electrons in a neutral atom equal the number of protons. The O atom needs two electrons to complete its valence octet, but the Na atom supplies only one electron: \[\mathbf{Na\, \cdot }\curvearrowright \mathbf{\cdot }\mathbf{\ddot{\underset{. Because hydrogen only needs two electrons to fill its valence shell, it is an exception to the octet rule. to include the resulting charges of the ions. + )oG;.A0cx 3. Elemental substances (oxidation state same as charge) It is possible to draw a structure with a double bond between a boron atom and a fluorine atom in BF3, satisfying the octet rule, but experimental evidence indicates the bond lengths are closer to that expected for BF single bonds. 2h2o Lewis Structure | Facilities for the Public 4.5: Lewis & Formal Charge (WorkSheet) - Chemistry LibreTexts decay in a given time. Ionic or covalent? And even with all the known forms and functions of the element, scientists began to uncover the potential for even more varied and extensive carbon structures. answer choices Metal and Non-metal Complete the Lewis dot symbols for the oxygen atoms below O O 2. The ion has 17 protons in the nucleus, with a The octet rule is a result of trends in energies and is useful in explaining why atoms form the ions that they do. Lewis Dot Structures Worksheet #1 Answer Key charge of an ion that contains 35 protons, DOC CHEM 1151 Worksheet Lewis Symbols and Structures - Chemistry - University of Hawaii Lewis Structures - chemed.chem.purdue.edu Lewis Dot Diagrams: Explanation, Examples & Electrons - StudySmarter US Atoms are essential pieces of matter, with matter being anything you can physically touch. It is also an odorless, tasteless, colorless gas and is the fifth most plentiful element in the universe. Indicate whether the following species have a stable noble gas configuration. DOCX Lewis Dot Structures Worksheet - Loudoun County Public Schools a. the Lewis structures of neutral covalent molecules - polyatomic ions, resonance structures, and expanded octets have their own tutorials) Lots of practice problems One of the most important tools that chemists have in understanding what's going on in a chemical reaction is the Lewis structure. them in the chemical reaction Lewis dot structures and ionic bonds sas. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, expand. Atoms have three parts that work together. fluorine can transfer electrons to form ions of each element with stable octets. total of 18 electrons, giving it a net charge of -1. We recommend using a . Draw the Lewis dot structures for each of the following molecules: a. H 2 S c. SO 3 b. CH 2 Br 2 d. HCN 3. Legal. Lewis Structures for Polyatomic Ions | Introduction to Chemistry The neutrons have no charge. It is rather reactive, however, and does not require a lot of energy to remove that electron to make the Na+ ion. from one another as possible Given an element and a mass number you will tell us the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons. Find those different elements and parts. 2 val e), expanded octet possible for n>3 (P and larger) For anions, add one electron for each negative charge. Acid-Base Reactions Draw vectors representing all bond dipole moments (consider electronegative) In all cases, these bonds involve the sharing or transfer of valence shell electrons between atoms. The name of the chart comes from the arrangement of the elements. Atoms can connect to form molecules, and molecules form all the physical world you see. All atoms have the same number of protons and electrons, and most atoms have the same number of protons and neutrons. <> atoms that can exceed the octet bonded to an atom with lone pairs. Subtracting the number in Step 1 from the number in Step 2 gives you the number of electrons needed to complete the octets . The tendency to form species that have eight electrons in the valence shell is called the octet rule. POGIL - 2005 1/ 5. Ionic compounds are often called salts Ibuprofen (C13H18O2): 1^26 moles Atoms are thought to be the smallest particle of a single element. This page tests your ability to write Lewis Dot diagrams and determine the total number of valence electrons. Don't forget to show brackets and charge on your LDS for ions! Atom or Ion Electron Configuration # of valence electrons # of electrons gained or lost Quantum Numbers for last electron Lewis Dot Structure Li n= l= ml= . polyatomic ions a nh 4 c po 4 3 b no 3 d co 3 2 4 for the following molecules or ions . "Hw"w P^O;aY`GkxmPY[g Gino/"f3\TI SWY ig@X6_]7~ We will also look at how electrons are positioned and concept of orbital diagrams and how to determine valence shell configurations and what this means about the nature of the atom. What is missing in here? Multiple Dot Diagrams Possible-Resonance Structures resulting in two ionsthe Na+ ion and the Cl ion: \[\mathbf{Na}^{+}\; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \mathbf{:}\mathbf{\ddot{\underset{.\: . 10.3: Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds- Electrons Transferred is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. Lewis Dot Diagrams are used to indicate the number of valence electrons and provide us with a quick form of short hand. Complete the lewis structures of these molecules by adding multiple bonds and lone pairs. to decay is termed the half-life. Both species now have complete octets, and the electron shells are energetically stable. Science. A Lewis Dot Structure can be made for a single atom, a covalent compound, or a polyatomic ion. Draw the Lewis dot structures of the following atoms ions Draw the dot diagram for an atom of potassium. Place a check to identify the form of radiation demonstrated by each reaction below. Strong= 100% Dissociative Science Worksheets > Atomic Structure. hdA@`naIt(:ti-)DE]w@xEC6ab\( $_7GrX>C*Z,d0y}F/r0%[=~;2RL7TQ[W3c@k7*eE` H The strength of ionic bonding depends on the magnitude of the charges and the sizes of the ions. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . are very stable due to the stable electron configuration. The electrons are found in the Example problem: What is the mass number, symbol, and 20++ Lewis Structures Of Atoms Worksheet Answer Key This may look a bit different than others. Formula to dot diagram 1 acids and bases wZ5Aae These structures, also known as lewis structures or electron dot structures, are drawings that visually demonstrate how electrons are shared and arranged around atoms. Figure 7.12 shows the Lewis structures for two hypervalent molecules, PCl5 and SF6. This portion of the quiz is all situational types of word problems. You will give 3 pieces of data and are asked to complete this here chart for us. Fill in remaining valence electrons Step 2: Write the skeleton structure of the molecule. Solubility and precipitation The number of bonds that an atom can form can often be predicted from the number of electrons needed to reach an octet (eight valence electrons); this is especially true of the nonmetals of the second period of the periodic table (C, N, O, and F). Determine which atoms are bonded together and put two electrons between them to represent the bond 3. Writing Precipitation Reactions Since the spectator ions are not part of the product . Acids produce H+ ions in solution Di dlMts"6!cKDyKDHC_ electron cloud, which is an area that surrounds the nucleus. To obtain an octet, these atoms form three covalent bonds, as in NH3 (ammonia). It is the only element with a field of chemistry focusing only on its compoundsorganic chemistry. We must take away 1 dot from the dot diagram of the the gas chlorine, but once the elements form the compound sodium chloride (table salt) they stream Draw the Electron dot structure. Lewis structures (also known as Lewis dot structures or electron dot structures) are diagrams that represent the valence electrons of atoms within a molecule. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. valence electrons. In 3D they can spread out a little further (109 degrees) then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, If all the criteria are met, then the molecule exists Dot diagram to shape Determine the total number of valence (outer shell) electrons. Generally, these are molecules with central atoms from groups 2 and 13, outer atoms that are hydrogen, or other atoms that do not form multiple bonds. Authored by: Lizabeth M. Tumminello -Edited by: Erin Graham, Kelly Levy, Ken Levy and Rohini Quackenbush, A. Lewis dot structure for an atom of chlorine is. Since the spectator ions are not part of the product, we can choose not to show Represent Bonding with Lewis Dot Diagrams - Middle School Chemistry You find three simple sub-atomic particles in each atom. The Periodic Table Part 2 Answer Key. Lewis Dot Structure Worksheet Here are the basic steps involved in drawing the Lewis dot structure for a molecule: a) Calculate the total number of valence electrons in the molecule (take the number of valence . charge on the bromide ion. Source: www.chegg.com. Why Atoms Have Atomic Numbers on the Periodic Table. to show the valance electrons of an element as dots. The questions center around naming elements, compounds, and mixtures. What is the product of sodium metal reacting with chlorine gas? Lewis Structures Notes 7. Electron Dot Diagram Etc Worksheet Answers Practicing Ionic Bonding modifiedfromoriginal 5. These Lewis symbols and Lewis structures help visualize the valence electrons of atoms and molecules, whether they exist as lone pairs or within bonds. Lewis Dot Structures and Ionic Bonds - SAS - pdesas.org This is what happens to the Na+ and Cl ions: \[\mathbf{Na}^{+}\; + \; \mathbf{:}\mathbf{\ddot{\underset{.\: . Lewis Dot Structures Worksheet Answers Science Printable . +5sZs> |Nm[/Wn8G>~Q;w~^x3]E5wIlS9E{^7 Note lone pair electrons and bonding electrons in HCl Steps for writing Lewis dot structures Sum the valence e-'s from all the atoms. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written 3 0 obj Mass in grams Moles Number of particles, Exam: metal and chlorine gas)? Not allowed to change the formulas to reactants or products We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Can usually identify bases by looking to see formula content OH Worksheet ionic answers bonds ions valence electrons covalent. achieves a stable octet. PDF Lewis Dot Structures and Molecule Geometries Worksheet Answer Key The astute reader may have noticed something: many of the ions that form have eight electrons in their valence shell. Lewis Electron Dot Diagrams - Introductory Chemistry - 1st Canadian Edition In Section 4.7, we demonstrated that ions are formed by losing electrons to make cations, or by gaining electrons to form anions. Lewis Dot Structure of H2SO4 (Sulfuric Acid) H2SO4 Lewis Structure, Molecular Geometry, and Hybridization H2SO4 is a chemical formula of Sulfuric acid which is commonly known as Oil . electronegativity. A \(Cl\) atom needs only one more to complete its octet, while \(Ca\) atoms have two electrons to lose. Home Browse lewis dot structure worksheet resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources. Show us where the electrons are located. EPUB Boat. Page 2 of 10 WKS 6.2 - LDS for Ions/ Typical Charges Determine the common oxidation number (charge) for each of the following ions, and then draw their Lewis Dot Structure. This is very similar to the last worksheet, but it is flat. How much does one mole weigh? b. Using the Periodic Table to Draw Lewis Dot Structures Place all remaining electrons on the central atom. Carbon can form limitless molecules that vary in size, composition, and shape. <>>> - Draw the Lewis Dot Diagram for each of the ions involved ! Shape to Molecular Polarity Hydrogen is in water and comprises sixty-one percent of the human bodys atoms. G is gas We first help students identify the basic parts and then work on how electron configuration affects the chemical nature of substances. }Cl}}\mathbf{\: :}^{-}\rightarrow Na^{+}Cl^{-}\; \; or\; \; NaCl \nonumber \]. 2. Lewis Dot Structures and Molecule Geometries Worksheet Answer Key 3 4. Lewis Dot Structures, Covalent and Ionic - Quizizz . POGIL - 2005 2/ PDF Worksheet 6 - Lewis structures - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Lewis diagrams, or Lewis structures, are a way of drawing molecular structures and showing the present valence electrons and bonds. Can you determine everything that is missing? : an American History (Eric Foner), CHMY Notes Unit 2 - We talked a lot about polarity and oxidation states in unit two. Since bonding involves the valance shell electrons only, it is only necessary to illustrate those outer electrons. The mole Hydrogen: 1 g/mole Molar mass of atoms |LSp\:G7c|f (s9;6~X/#uhygM3nd[ekPsxx,%#g`U?t0=~j57DsSob(O{K443~2|Ho"$Q/jBb6#5@L7Lw_,\y/"f#zC<1fF/ xH~23H9OM!~pl!^D9w`Do )`6Sl4X>a}!`I:}O-ezaBmDFr$lm| }u V00lB,z!6:cdM(#N m9K&H=v0@D8!YX39az6ukQP)CQWx". You will test your knowledge once again using all that you have learned. Ar Cl-S H-F-Mg 2+ Li + C P Al 3+ 2. The element you want to see is missing. PDF Lewis Dot Structures of Atoms and Ions - New Providence School District PROTONS and NEUTRONS and one or more ORBITS (or SHELLS) that contain one or Pyramidal (3 bonding groups, 1 lone pair on central atom) For example, when two chlorine atoms form a chlorine molecule, they share one pair of electrons: The Lewis structure indicates that each Cl atom has three pairs of electrons that are not used in bonding (called lone pairs) and one shared pair of electrons (written between the atoms). Chlorine needs an additional electron to attain the stable noble gas configuration of 8 Step 3: Use two valence electrons to form each bond in the skeleton structure. AP Chemistry Unit 2: Lewis Diagrams | Fiveable neutrons are found in the nucleus. w 1 [Content_Types].xml ( Ik0kPJCch*84}YL)Ibg{0dsI{W^e8v}~tYP8%wP$6\_?VRFj referred to as valence electrons. 2 balancing Identify the element that corresponds to each of the following electron Molar conversions On the periodic table Lewis structure of atoms worksheet answer key for very simple molecules and molecular ions, we can write the lewis structures by merely pairing up the unpaired electrons on the. They are the building blocks of all chemical structures. 2 0 obj The need for the number of electrons lost being equal to the number of electrons gained explains why ionic compounds have the ratio of cations to anions that they do. =cVep[a}S+AJf?^)5Ph@#0K]aKBHauIw;^]m-dZJ*gMek9x^)UwKi``q6@5E@^Cp"t iZM^QdBTnKbm!~Q9^jWso0E h!clw&dOSTk% 'sq7`9 #{"mm_BHb#eigF-]!3unmw^HhFy8.2hW2)jUD[0'j;8Dn}X$e&2n)54n/Dom&60 bw }e`kma$x{h :v`S1Fh*|602 t6I] ~g8Xf|hba5S\S>n&wA+m:w8vJs7o@Pn (w"{dsm6~zG'QJ*D ePyk3=)TkJX5]|{qy|4\K!FR#M#bAT*cS. D,+M2b2B>$'o Z<7mai65NdF ivB+O:'^i3FWB=G@tL`ld)+r2\ \:L~0P8cJ+VM*.~f We ask you to tell us about what it composed of. What is the force of attraction that holds the magnesium and fluoride ions together? Explain your answer. Authored by: Lizabeth M. Tumminello -Edited by: Erin Graham, Kelly Levy, Ken Levy and Rohini Quackenbush. consent of Rice University. An electron transfers from the Na atom to the Cl atom: \[\mathbf{Na\, \cdot }\curvearrowright \mathbf{\cdot }\mathbf{\ddot{\underset{.\: . Electrons in bonds and electrons in lone pairs will repel one another: get as far away a. All of the substances described uses common names that most people will recognize. When one atom connects with another atom, they make up a chemical element. For whatever reason, having eight electrons in a valence shell is a particularly energetically stable arrangement of electrons. hydrogen: 1 atom x 1 valence electron = 1 valence electron. Draw lewis structure for h2so4 | Math Problems tool to explore how atoms bond into more complex substances a lewis dot structure is also called a . See these examples: For more complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow the step-by-step procedure outlined here: Let us determine the Lewis structures of SiH4, CHO2,CHO2, NO+, and OF2 as examples in following this procedure: Carbon, in various forms and compounds, has been known since prehistoric times, . We break down the anatomy of these structures to display this for students and we will explore the Bohr model of this structure. Based on the dot diagram for the atoms in Exercise 4, identify what you expect the Determine the number of valence electrons available in the O2 molecule. configurations. In 1996, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Richard Smalley (Figure 7.11), Robert Curl, and Harold Kroto for their work in discovering a new form of carbon, the C60 buckminsterfullerene molecule (Figure 7.1). OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Copyright All Rights Reserved - EasyTeacherWorksheets.com. When an acid and a base are mixed they react to make water and a salt CHEM 1151 Worksheet Author: Gainesville College Last modified by: Gainesville College Created Date: 9/28/1999 8:39:00 PM The transfer process looks as follows: The oppositely charged ions attract each other to make CaCl2. We saw this in the formation of NaCl. A Lewis symbol consists of an elemental symbol surrounded by one dot for each of its valence electrons: Figure 7.9 shows the Lewis symbols for the elements of the third period of the periodic table. Atomic Structure Worksheets - Easy Teacher Worksheets diagram, and put in the resulting charge of -1. Read on to learn the three primary parts of an atom, the most common atoms, and how the Periodic Table identifies elements by the number of atoms. Excellent layout, 446939196 396035520 Density Lab SE Key pdf, Historia de la literatura (linea del tiempo), Is sammy alive - in class assignment worth points, Philippine Politics and Governance W1 _ Grade 11/12 Modules SY. Lewis Structures of Atoms and Molecules Dots represent valence electrons Pair singly before pairing up Covalent bonds will form any unpaired electrons Parentheses show isotopes (extra neutrons) Lewis Dot Structures 1. Resonance structures fao.b*lIrj),l0%b A Lewis structure is a structural formula that shows the covalent bonds and electron pairs. How to Draw Lewis Structures - Albert Resources The number of valence electrons for an atom is the number of electrons in the outer Lewis Structures | Pathways to Chemistry Ionic Bonds are made of Ions. Connect the atoms If we mix AgNO3 with water, it dissolves Lewis Structures of Atoms and Molecules The four most common atoms are nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen. ''MuH7r8`{D R_rfIRK[^BJ4skbv;}r/kFCSV~QC=p3;HFmpe ]`$h`{kAJyloTK;@bl9l!V2loH\/"ZJ 'm:>T'/ PK ! The remaining electrons are shown paired up around each oxygen atom. 4.3 Lewis Dot Structures - Chemistry LibreTexts Pair singly before pairing up O is -2 (unless O2 or H2O2) Bent (2 bonding groups, 1 lone pair on central atom) The Lewis dot diagram for carbon dioxide also shows that two pairs of electrons are shared. A Lewis Dot Structure is drawn by a series of dots, lines, and atomic symbols and provides a structure for the way that the atom or molecule is arranged. The transition elements and inner transition elements also do not follow the octet rule: Group 15 elements such as nitrogen have five valence electrons in the atomic Lewis symbol: one lone pair and three unpaired electrons. Langmuir's Rule is sometimes useful in spotting resonance, too. This is truly one of the largest collections of atomic structure worksheets in one place. To draw the Lewis structure for an odd-electron molecule like NO, we follow the same five steps we would for other molecules, but with a few minor changes: We will also encounter a few molecules that contain central atoms that do not have a filled valence shell. 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\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Example \(\PageIndex{1}\): Synthesis of Calcium Chloride from Elements, 10.2: Representing Valence Electrons with Dots, 10.4: Covalent Lewis Structures- Electrons Shared, 1.4: The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think, Chapter 2: Measurement and Problem Solving, 2.2: Scientific Notation: Writing Large and Small Numbers, 2.3: Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision, 2.6: Problem Solving and Unit Conversions, 2.7: Solving Multistep Conversion Problems, 2.10: Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map, 2.E: Measurement and Problem Solving (Exercises), 3.3: Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas, 3.4: Classifying Matter According to Its Composition, 3.5: Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties, 3.6: Changes in Matter: Physical and Chemical Changes, 3.7: Conservation of Mass: There is No New Matter, 3.9: Energy and Chemical and Physical Change, 3.10: Temperature: Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms, 3.12: Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations, 4.4: The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons, 4.5: Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons, 4.6: Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table, 4.8: Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies, 4.9: Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms, 5.2: Compounds Display Constant Composition, 5.3: Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds, 5.4: A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds, 5.5: Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds, 5.11: Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit, 6.5: Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors, 6.6: Mass Percent Composition of Compounds, 6.7: Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula, 6.8: Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds, 6.9: Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds, 7.1: Grade School Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents, 7.4: How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations, 7.5: Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water, 7.6: Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid, 7.7: Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations, 7.8: AcidBase and Gas Evolution Reactions, Chapter 8: Quantities in Chemical Reactions, 8.1: Climate Change: Too Much Carbon Dioxide, 8.3: Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions, 8.4: Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions, 8.5: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield, 8.6: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants, 8.7: Enthalpy: A Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed in a Reaction, Chapter 9: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table, 9.1: Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom, 9.5: The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals, 9.6: Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations, 9.7: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table, 9.8: The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model, 9.9: Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character, 10.3: Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred, 10.4: Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared, 10.5: Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds, 10.6: Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule, 10.8: Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Dont Mix, 11.2: Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases, 11.3: Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions, 11.5: Charless Law: Volume and Temperature, 11.6: Gay-Lussac's Law: Temperature and Pressure, 11.7: The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature, 11.9: The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles, 11.10: Mixtures of Gases: Why Deep-Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen, Chapter 12: Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces, 12.3: Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity, 12.6: Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, DipoleDipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion-Dipole, 12.7: Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic, 13.3: Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy, 13.4: Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz, 13.5: Solution Concentration: Mass Percent, 13.9: Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hotter, 13.10: Osmosis: Why Drinking Salt Water Causes Dehydration, 14.1: Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies, 14.4: Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases, 14.6: AcidBase Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution, 14.9: The pH and pOH Scales: Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity, 14.10: Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change, status page at https://status.libretexts.org.