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(Heidegger, What is a Thing), This is an instance of the general idea that our mode of access to a type of entity, e.g. If it is not, it is subjective. Can new knowledge change established new values and beliefs? The knowledge of physics, chemistry, electronics, etc. What this definition indicates is that the production of knowledge is what the Greeks called techne, and in all of those prompts that speak of the production or producing of knowledge we can be certain that the technological viewing of the world is at play. This prompt is covered in greater depth under #17. I know this will likely bother anyone who is interested in order and logic, but I've decided to break the order of prompts so I can publish them as I record them. Skills are know how, what the Greeks calledtechne. Knowledge as it is defined in the Oxford Dictionary involves facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. What are the implications of having, or not having, knowledge? What we have called objectivity in this writing is a legacy from the German philosopher Kant and his transcendental method and how this thinking was interpreted by the English-speaking empiricists. In the most general terms (and as a second order inquiry) the production of knowledge that results from such viewing is the determination of the being of things as objects. The reasons provide both the evidence and the explanation. The IB should make IAs a part of only HL subjects. It can mean to learn, find out, hear of, but also to receive, undergo, something. The noun logos and the verb legein from the Greek mean to gather together, to lay one beside the other. I have written extensively on this topic of personal knowledge on this blog site and recommend that you view the following links to find possible approaches in narrowing your focus on this broad topic: CT 1 Knowledge and the Knower: Empowerment; CT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower; CT 1: Self-Knowledge and Ethics. This evidence or explanation will find its grounds in the principle of sufficient reason. They are what can be learned and what can be taught i.e. In exploring the word culture, we must understand that world-view and world-picture are not interchangeable as to their meanings. For knowledge to be knowledge, it must be shared or handed over to others and confirmed and affirmed (See prompt #26). The TOK exhibition. To what extent is certainty attainable? A good-looking and whimsical maid from Thrace laughed at him and told him that while he might passionately want to know all things in the universe, the things in front of his very nose and feet were unseen by him. Plato adds, This jest also fits all those who become involved in philosophy. It is the Greek fundamental experience of the being of beings, which underlay, and gave rise to, both the subject-predicate form of their language and their conception of a thing as a subject with accidents. To experiment is where we intervene in something to see what happens: if we do such and such, only now we do so in anticipation of regularity, e.g. To count comes from the Latin reor and it is directly related to the Latin word ratio. World-picture, like the concept of culture, is distinctively modern. Representation is to present some thing, to make something present to humans. Are some types of knowledge more useful than others? The principle of reason founds all principles as principles. With the knowledge that we gain from algebraic calculation, it should come as no surprise that what is called finite calculus was established by the founder of the principle of reason Gottfried Leibniz. For prompt 2, youve stated that the concept of added value in economics could also be an object for this prompt. The evidence is considered adequate when the idea in the mind corresponds to the object which is under investigation and that object gives us its reasons for being as it is. The choice of the prompt is crucial for the outcome or product that you will produce or bring forth and hold forth upon. Darwin and Nietzsche: Part 3: Truth as Correctness: Its Relation to Values. Because reason is aratio,an account, if it is not given a judgement remains without justification. The intention of this writing is to provoke thought on your part so that you are mindful of your choices and, hopefully, gain greater knowledge of who you are so that you will be able to make more aware judgements in the future about academic and ethical questions. Does some knowledge belong only to particular communities of knowers? Historicism denies this truth and it asserts that there is no truth outside of the historical contexts from which it has been produced. The what and the how of the object is already pre-determined and the inquiry is to find an understanding of the why. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? Reasons must be rendered to human beings who determine objects as objects by way of a representation that judges. The human observer becomes part of the system that is being investigated in the experiment and, ultimately, determines its outcome. The modern world-picture, however, involves several components: mathematical science; machine technology; the reduction of art to an object of experience; the conception of all human activity as culture and as the realization of values (empowerment), the concern of a cultural policy politically; a godlessness that co-exists with the modernization of the Christian world-view and with intense religious experience. 22. With its articulation, the modern age bursts into blossom. A central feature of tragic literature in the West is that it gives us a view of the implications of what results when knowledge is lacking, particularly self-knowledge. If the first principle is the principle of reason, then the rest of ones discourse must be logically derived and the conclusions drawn from that principle. ), while a world-view can be either pre-scientific or scientific. These are written about at length in other entries in this blog and reviewing them might be helpful with your Exhibition under this prompt. This demand that reasons must be rendered is what is empoweringin the principle of reason. Prompt 11: Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? Darwin and Nietzsche: Part V: The World as Life and Becoming: Darwin and Nietzsche: Part VI: What is Practical Need? This word has only recently come to prominence (19th century) and yet even the Pope himself uses this word when speaking of how Roman Catholics should be in the world. A specific discussion of the computer as an example can be found at this link: https://mytok.blog/2017/07/29/technology-as-a-way-of-knowing-computers/. You have to chooseone of the following prompts and your choice of prompt will determine the methodology or the pathway as well as the design or plan that you will follow to arrive at your interpretation of the images or objects you have chosen. See the link: What is a work of Art? It is the authority of the principle of reason which characterizes the modern age as technological or as the Information Age. New knowledge can have a significant impact since it could modify the values of society as a whole, hence it may change the ethics that govern us. atoms or historical figures, varies with our prior conception of their being. The word expert derives from expertise or know how and this kind of knowledge is what the Greeks called techne. Without such reckoning up (algorithms, for example) our computers and hand phones would be quite useless because they could not have come into existence. For more on the way of knowing involved in techne see the following links: Teacher In establishing the framework for what can be considered knowledge in our age, axioms or archai, principles, rules, laws, etc. How does the way that we organize or classify knowledge affect what we know? This rendering is done through language of some kind. The obvious answer to the question of this prompt is yes, so in your Exhibition you will demonstrate what that knowledge is and how that knowledge changed our values and/or beliefs, presumably with regard to what was considered knowledge prior to it. In TOK we are asked to put questions to what we think we know and how we think we know. To what areas of knowledge do the images/objects you have chosen belong? This prompt is covered in greater depth under #17. Our science as the theory of the real is just such a belief. When we speak of owning knowledge, we are speaking about that which we have taken possession of for ourselves: I get it!, I understand and it is now mine. The reason rendered must be asufficient reason:that is, that it be completely satisfactory as an account. For example, the virtue of a thoroughbred racehorse is to run fast; it is not good if it does not or cannot do so. These questions are embedded in our understanding of causality and in our cognition through our search for reasons to understand why a thing is the way it is. Whenever we speak of the production of knowledge, we are speaking of the bringing forth of what was once hidden into presence so that we may see it face to face. Does our knowledge depend on our interactions with other knowers? -There were cruel beliefs linked with this system. See prompts #19, #31.When we speak of grounds, we are speaking about whether the evidence or the explanation regarding the thing which is being spoken about is adequate or justified. In your discussion, defining counts and knowledge will be crucial as well as demonstrating how the images you have chosen illustrate your interpretations of these key terms. A culture is the way of life: the customs, civilization, achievement and values of a particular group of people at a particular time. It is no surprise that the great discoveries of modern physics were primarily initiated by Germans, Einstein and Heisenberg for instance, just as it is not an accident that the great discoveries of Newton and Darwin belong to the English-speaking world. So, in effect, this means: pre-will is in one state/condition and post-will is in an altered state/condition. 13. Admittedly, our mathematical formulas no longer picture nature but merely represent our own grasp of nature. What challenges are raised by the dissemination and/or communication of knowledge? Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? Subjectivity does not mean subjectivism but is rather the dwelling of the claim of the principle of reason which has as its consequences the Information Age and the Age of Artificial Intelligence in which the particularity, separation and validity of the individual disappears in favour of total uniformity. This calculus also determines how we view a work of art and gives rise simultaneously, during the 17th and 18th centuries, to the theory of aesthetics, how we view, define and subsequently speak about art and beauty. We do not have to look far for examples of disputes with the proper naming of things and you may find any number of them for your Exhibition. Objects are shorn of their essences and regarded as mere individuals (or ones/units) conforming to mathematical regularities. They were brought to their current prominence by the German sociologist/philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey, the man considered to be the father of the modern understanding of the human sciences. and feel more politically effective in influencing people to politics are politically active. WebAlbert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Wrttemberg in the German Empire, on 14 March 1879 into a family of secular Ashkenazi Jews. Understandably, considering different perspectives might be challenging sometimes. How does this statement relate to why human beings seek knowledge? All producing is based on a disclosive looking i.e. https://mytok.blog/2017/07/29/technology-as-a-way-of-knowing-computers/. You are required to choose one prompt from the list below, and it must be exactly from this list and you cannot change the wording. But our word virtue which for the Greeks meant the manliness of a man has come to mean the chastity of a woman. It determines the possibilities and the potentialities of the things as disposable in some fashion for human ends. Can we do it is prior to should we do it, for we have lost any sense of should. It is an important element in the seeing place implied in the word theory and is that which one must rise above (according to Plato in the allegory of the Cave and Simone Weil in her writings) and yet remain, at the same time, rooted to (the return of the released prisoner in the allegory of the Cave). As part of your education, empirical science is an experience in which you conduct experiments; by contrast, in literature or the arts you may be called upon to write an essay (an attempt, a test) based on personal experience or your experience of a text. Obviously, the societies of which we are members determine what knowledge is and what types of knowledge will be considered valuable. This reckoning is the procedure of doctors making their diagnoses regarding what is required in restoring health to a patient. Opinion is Platos justified true belief which he outlines in his dialogue Theatetus. Perhaps the greatest challenge you will face is that the total word count for this document is 950 words (excluding references). can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects. Knowing the audience is the recognition that we are beings in bodies. Fortunately the Greeks had no experiences Hence they did not believe that the point of art is to provide them. (Heidegger). In your study of Group 3 subjects, you will hear both the words culture and world-view said often. It is this that we call understanding. 31. Certainly the greatest change in our human being-in-the-world occurs due to our change in our relationship to Nature. View all posts by theoryofknowledgeanalternativeapproach. Technologys erosion of human being and its enclosing of the world (the opposite of disclosing) are offset by its ability to give us experiences. In your analysis of your chosen prompt, you need to determine whether or not it is a first-order question and therefore a description or explanation, or whether or not it is a second order question and therefore involves the nature of knowledge, the type of knowledge involved, and how we know. In short, your TOK exhibition is a holding forth by you demonstrating how you understand some of the key TOK terms and how you are able to apply them to the real world. An appropriate question to ask is whether or not a dialectic is possible on todays social media and what possible consequences are present. It is commonly understood that people who are more knowledgeable in political realm. Ignorance is bad because it inhibits human beings from their true Being which is to reveal truth. why these three objects or images from an almost infinite possibility?). Can New Knowledge Change Established Values or Beliefs The human soul, according to Plato, is in a state of ignorance but it strives to overcome this ignorance and become beautiful. Final TOK Exhibition.docx - Can new knowledge change established values Certainly, any sane person will see the improvements in various technes or arts and crafts as improvements in knowledge. A question has arisen regarding the idea of added value in comment #2. Thus the issue between competing scientific theories cannot always be settled by experience. How might the context in which knowledge is presented influence whether it is accepted or rejected? But the end for the Greeks was to demonstrate why their trust was an appropriate response to the things that are and this trust overcame the doubt and skepticism that initiated their search for knowledge. Much like the fruit of a cherry tree is not the essence of the tree, the material tools of technology are not its essence. Part IX: Darwin/Nietzsche: Otherness, Owingness, And Nihilism: Nietzsche/Darwin Part VIII: Truth as Justice: 28. How can we know that current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge? It is extremely difficult to question the ethics of those possibilities and potentialities because the language from which we could question them arose within the same crucible of seeing or theory that made them possible in the first place i.e. About calculus, Leibniz once wrote: When God reckons, a world comes into being; with the death of God it is, of course, human beings who do the reckoning that bring worlds into being, what we call perspectivism. Correctness is being directed toward something, making statements that are fitted or suitable for the things that are spoken about. Adherents of the same world-picture may hold different world-views and enter into conflict employing the weapons supplied by their common world-picture. For example, if we want our automobiles to perform at optimum efficiency, we are obliged, we owe it to the automobiles to maintain them properly. Technology is a seeing rather than a doing and its realm is truth not instrumentality, knowledge of Being rather than the manufacture of artifacts. Why is an alternative approach necessary? One cannot say that Galileos doctrine of the free fall of bodies is true and that of Aristotle, who holds that light bodies strive upwards, is false; for the Greek conception of the essence of body, of place, and of their relationship depends on a different interpretation of beings and therefore engenders a different way of seeing and examining natural processes. What counts as a good justification for a claim? can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects. People were willing, and still are willing, to pay outrageous prices for a product with Donald Trumps name on it even though the products themselves have been shown to be of an inferior quality. What is objectivity? It is what guarantees that something is firmly established, secured in its grounds of its place as an object for human cognition. Reliability is that which can be counted on in any situation that we are concerned with from the choosing of snow tires to the choosing of the surgeon for our next operation, so in many respects this prompt is similar to Prompt #1 in that both the end and use and the characteristics of the knowledge with which we wish to engage and use are at play here. Arkadiusz Wargacki People tend to recognize their knowledge as the only correct image of reality surrounding them, as something indisputable and unchangeable. it is after hours, the owner is away on holidays, the owner is observing a religious festival, etc. Opinion is an attempt to reveal the truth of something covered over or hidden. It also means to put something in its place, or putting something in order for something else such as gathering together the things that are required of a recipe so that we may later prepare it, the step-by-step process involved in preparing to bring about a desirable end. Such a rendering needs a place where the account can be given and rendered. Technologys essence is that it is the theory that determines the practice. The material tools, the instruments, come after technology establishes its dominion in the realm of beings. Human being projects itself in its own project. These multivarious approaches or methodologies are determined a priori by the principle of reason. The abstractions that are the second order questions will be arrived at from elsewhere, thus your discussion of owning can be on the practical application side of the products of knowledge such as patents and the like, or it can deal with a theoretical discussion of what the possible meanings of owning can be. You will then find three objects or images of objects that relate to this prompt and develop your interpretation accordingly. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs tok The Mayan calendar consists of multiple cycles of different lengths. the technological. In what ways do values affect the production of knowledge? Dialectic is discussion conducted in friendship, among two or three, whereas the logosof the disseminator of knowledge is directed towards the multitude, the many. The German poet and mystic Angelus Silesius once wrote: The rose is without why; it blooms because it blooms, / It pays no attention to itself, asks not whether it is seen. What is it that distinguishes human beings from a rose? When infinitesimal and finite calculus come to the fore, so does the theory of aesthetics as applied to the experience of a work of art. They should also be applicable for other dealings with things, the things understood and delimited and defined by the project: from your three images or objects, it should be possible to expand the application of your interpretation to many other images or objects not included in the Exhibition. What do your choices of objects or images for this prompt indicate about you and the society of which you are a member? What do these choices indicate? A sufficient reason is both a demonstration and an explanation of some thing or event, but the thing or event must be made and become an object of inquiry a priori through the application of the principle of sufficient reason. The language and engagement in the conversation that is dialecticis not the attempt to out-argue someone, but getting ones partner in the conversation to open their eyes and see; dialectic is possible between friends, not between rivals; dialectic is not political. It may be useful to you to determine which prompts belong to the same sub-group in terms of their main theme. Calling Him God or Father or whatever is not naming Him because what is lacking is knowledge by acquaintance and the terms used to describe Him are analogies or metaphors. Technology is the beholding of the essence of all things in advance in the light of which humans make or produce things and can take a stand at all towards things. It is directed by what is called rhetoric, and rhetoric has its own techniques. This assertion is apparently paradoxical or contradictory since the concept of historicism itself must be historical and will be replaced by some other concept at some point in the future. I have a hard time distinguishing between added value and branding when I attempt to understand the concept myself. That we do not know in the traditional sense does not matter: what matters is the reliability of the results. Current research into AI, artificial intelligence, is being questioned because so much of it is occurring beyond good and evil or beyond ethical considerations. OT 3: Knowledge and Politics Part 1. It is what we call research, a searching again for what has been lost. 35. These have to do with communities. To regard moods or conscience as experiences ignores the way in which these moods disclose or how they open up for us our way of being in the world and our human being. How can we know that current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge?When we speak of the improvement in something, we are implying that the thing spoken about is better or is in a better condition than it was previously. We demand that things give us the reasons for their being the way they are. They may sometimes be understood as inner states, activities and processes that we are aware of or live through, but do not usually make objects of introspection or reflection. An examination of what we understand as History can occur here. CT 1 Knowledge and the Knower: Empowerment. This is usually done through reason as logic, through analogy or metaphor i.e. When we consider our world and the beings in it as objects we, too, experience the disappearance of otherness for it is our cognition which makes or creates those things that we consider beings in our world and the things themselves lack any kind of independent status. We may gain our knowledge from parents, peers, teachers or others with whom we come in contact, but this knowledge must be made our own. No reason is given for the shops being closed i.e. Is bias inevitable in the production of knowledge? Implication is the act of implying,the state of being implied. -Those beliefs were changed and replaced when the Constitution was signed -Shown through the object Your response to this prompt will depend on the areas of knowledge that you choose your objects/images from. 11. isabellas brunch menu . 9. Anyone who has been ill or has had loved ones who have been ill could not but be grateful for the improvements that have occurred in the medical sciences such as the discovery of penicillin. It was in direct conflict with that tradition which is known as the history of philosophy. The Latin words reor and ratio represent the sort of orienting and conforming that is a reckoning, a counting on, and this is why the Roman word ratio came to translate the Greek word. 6. There may be some dispute over the language used to communicate these conclusions, but this is avoided when the language used is mathematical calculus. CT 1 Knowledge and the Knower: Empowerment; CT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower. There is no ancient or medieval system, an essential requirement for the reduction of the world to a picture. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? - WordPress.com 16. In todays philosophical language this interpretative method is called hermeneutics, and it derives its authority from the premise that all knowledge is historical i.e. We impose laws to determine our behaviours in our communities. However, it does not supply a sufficient reason for the shops being closed. 14. a description of the features of that knowledge, for it is through such knowledge that we believe we have truth. Theory of knowledge (TOK) at BBIS | World Schools For Plato, the truelogosis silent to the soul which does not have the possibility of hearing it i.e. Works of art, poems, and tragedies are all perceived as things, and the manner of our questioning about them is done through research, the calculation that determines why the things/the works are as they are through historical studies. But if in our rendering, we are turning everything into objectness so as to seek its possibilities and potentials, from where will any recognition, responsibility or obligation arise? Subjectivity, according to Kant, is the lawfulness of reasons which provide the possibility of an object. Is there such a thing or mode of being as objectivity? While the perceived value of a product or a brand in the past usually accrued over time, nowadays the value of a product is truly in the eyes of a beholder rather than in the usefulness or good of the product itself. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? This gathering and laying is a reciprocal relationship, a two-fold back and forth relationship involving both you as knower and the things that you know, the images or objects you have chosen. It is based upon the need to provide sufficient reasons (evidence) for the reality of the beings that are. But even today, the principle of reason is not clearly understood as that which determines all cognition and behaviour. Tautologies are prominent in modern day computer language. Bob has also created the harmonies for music on todays podcast, theyre really beautiful. It is through the original unconcealment of things which allows us to do anything whatsoever: in order for us to do anything, to act upon anything, to stand in relation to any being, it must have been disclosed to us in advance what a being is in general. How we come to understand lived experiences are especially important in the Group 3 subjects. A total world-view cannot understand itself, for from this understanding would come a questioning that would put the total world-view in question. Technology istheoretical;the practical applications, its instrumentality, is secondary to this primary theoretical viewing. For a thing to be in the first place, reason must supply its being and the thing must give itself back to the inquiring subject as being able to be known through calculation and measurement i.e. A central feature of tragic literature in the West is that it gives us a view of the implications of what results when knowledge is lacking, particularly self-knowledge. 24. Even provisionally, we cannot say more than that in the field of modern atomic physics we have resigned ourselves, and we have done so because our representations are dependable. (Werner Heisenberg, The Picture of Nature in Contemporary Physics) The Natural Sciences as an Area of Knowledge.